Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.3	2011	18.4 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	16.8 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Materials materials	3.1	5.8	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Processes processes	2.8	5.1	2013	14.9 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	19.7 Days	CHF 2400	Submit

23 pages, 5907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Potential of Algae Biostimulant for Sustainable Agriculture in the Baltic Sea Region: Impact of Furcellaria lumbricalis Digestate Extract on Basil Growth Promotion

by Inese Skapste, Gunta Grinberga-Zalite and Uldis Žaimis

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3268; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073268 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 323

Abstract

The development of sustainable agriculture is critical in order to address the growing challenges of global food security while reducing environmental impact. This study focuses on the potential of Furcellaria lumbricalis, red algae found in the Baltic Sea, that can serve as [...] Read more.

The development of sustainable agriculture is critical in order to address the growing challenges of global food security while reducing environmental impact. This study focuses on the potential of Furcellaria lumbricalis, red algae found in the Baltic Sea, that can serve as a source of biostimulant. The research methodology included several consecutive steps combining qualitative and quantitative research methods: (1) an analysis of secondary data and literature review; (2) the production of algae digestate by anaerobic fermentation; (3) supervised laboratory experiments; (4) economic analysis; and (5) an assessment of the availability and prospects for use of algae biomass in the Baltic Sea region. The anaerobic fermentation process was used to produce algae digestate, the effectiveness of which was tested under controlled laboratory conditions. Experiments with basil (Ocimum basilicum) plants showed that 3% digestate concentrations significantly enhanced plant growth, increasing green mass by 52.7% to 85.4%. Economic analysis revealed the potential to increase gross profit for different crops in Latvian agriculture. The results indicate the potential of Furcellaria lumbricalis digestate as an effective and sustainable biostimulant that can contribute to the development of the green economy in the region. However, further research is needed to optimise production processes, explore long-term impacts on soil and ecosystems and conduct field trials on different crops under different climatic conditions. In addition, it is necessary to investigate precise mechanisms of action at the molecular level and develop standardised quality control processes for the production of biostimulants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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9 pages, 1458 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Research on Cement-Free Grouting Material for Shield Tunneling in Water-Rich Karst Regions

by Zheng Che, Tian-Liang Wang, Zheng-Guo Zhou, Shuo Wang and Xin-Wei Ma

Materials 2025, 18(6), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061192 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 495

Abstract

With the increasing number of anti-seepage reinforcement projects and the continuous improvement of quality requirements, high-performance and green requirements have also been put forward for grouting materials. Traditional karst cave grouting mainly uses cement-based grouting materials, which not only have high carbon emissions [...] Read more.

With the increasing number of anti-seepage reinforcement projects and the continuous improvement of quality requirements, high-performance and green requirements have also been put forward for grouting materials. Traditional karst cave grouting mainly uses cement-based grouting materials, which not only have high carbon emissions but also do not comply with the sustainable development strategy with regard to being green, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly. A green grouting material made by mixing a slurry A and slurry B is proposed in this paper. The solid phase of slurry A is composed of stone powder and bentonite, for which an anti-washout admixture is necessary. Slurry B is a suspension of thickener (CMC or HPMC) and anhydrous ethanol. By mixing the two slurries evenly, the grouting material is obtained. Experiments were used to investigate the ideal ratios of stone powder, bentonite, and water in slurry A, and the ratio of thickener to anhydrous ethanol in slurry B, and to analyze the development and evolution of the apparent viscosity of slurry A and slurry B after mixing. This study revealed that the optimum ratio of stone powder and bentonite was 4:1, and the most reasonable water–solid ratio was 0.8:1.0. The optimum ratio of anhydrous ethanol to CMC or HPMC in slurry B was 5:1. Slurry B was added to slurry A at a rate of 5~10% to obtain the best grouting material properties. The proposed mixed grouting material would not disperse even in flowing water and could harden and consolidate quickly. The strength of the consolidation grouting body was close to that of wet soil, which can meet requirements for tunnel construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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25 pages, 867 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Energy Transition: Converting Textile Water Sludge (TWS) to Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) in Taiwan

by Yen-Chen Chang and Yun-Hwei Shen

Energies 2025, 18(4), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040774 - 7 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 710

Abstract

The conversion of textile water sludge (TWS) into solid recovered fuel (SRF) represents a promising approach to addressing environmental challenges, advancing waste-to-energy strategies, and promoting circular economy principles. This manuscript explores Taiwan’s innovative efforts in SRF production from textile industry waste, highlighting its [...] Read more.

The conversion of textile water sludge (TWS) into solid recovered fuel (SRF) represents a promising approach to addressing environmental challenges, advancing waste-to-energy strategies, and promoting circular economy principles. This manuscript explores Taiwan’s innovative efforts in SRF production from textile industry waste, highlighting its integration into industrial processes, regulatory frameworks, and global relevance. The study examines the key technological processes involved, including sorting, drying, and torrefaction, which enhance fuel properties such as calorific value and combustion efficiency. Challenges related to raw material availability, quality control, economic viability, and public perception are analyzed alongside potential solutions such as advanced processing technologies, government incentives, and industry collaboration. Comparisons with international practices reveal Taiwan’s leadership in leveraging textile water sludge as a feedstock while identifying opportunities for further alignment with global standards and scalability. The environmental benefits of SRF, including waste reduction and greenhouse gas mitigation, are juxtaposed with risks like emissions control and high production costs. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of SRF production from textile water sludge as a sustainable solution for waste management and energy generation, contributing to Taiwan’s net-zero emissions goals and offering valuable insights for global adoption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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30 pages, 3470 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Approach to CO₂ Emission Reduction in the Iron and Steel Industry: Research Status and Development Trends of Integrated Absorption-Mineralization Technologies

by Chuanbo Zhang, Sihong Cheng, Yali Tong, Guoliang Li and Tao Yue

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020702 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1181

Abstract

With the acceleration of global industrialization, the issue of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions has become increasingly severe, highlighting the urgent need to develop effective CO₂ capture and utilization technologies. CO₂ absorption-mineralization technology, as an emerging method, can convert CO [...] Read more.

With the acceleration of global industrialization, the issue of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions has become increasingly severe, highlighting the urgent need to develop effective CO₂ capture and utilization technologies. CO₂ absorption-mineralization technology, as an emerging method, can convert CO₂ into solid minerals, achieving both long-term storage and emission reduction goals. This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress in CO₂ absorption-mineralization technology, with a particular focus on its application potential and sustainability in the steel industry. Additionally, it summarizes the research status and optimization strategies of various monoamine and mixed amine absorbents and explores the main process technologies, reaction mechanisms, and key parameters of industrial CO₂ mineralization. Through multiscale modeling analysis, the study delves into the reaction mechanisms and influencing factors of the mineralization process, providing theoretical support for the industrial application of the technology. The research indicates that CO₂ absorption-mineralization technology not only effectively reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also offers raw materials for industries such as construction, thus promoting sustainable resource development. Although this technology shows good application prospects, it still faces key challenges in economic viability and technical feasibility during practical implementation. This paper aims to clarify the current research hotspots and challenges, providing theoretical and practical support for future large-scale application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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14 pages, 5642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating and Evaluating Novel Fly Ash-Based Proppant Compressive Strength Under Various Environmental Conditions

by Raz Haydar and Sherif Fakher

Materials 2025, 18(2), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020399 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 730

Abstract

As hydraulic fracturing becomes increasingly prevalent in the oil and gas industry, there is a growing need to develop more cost-effective and sustainable technologies, particularly concerning the materials used. Proppants play a vital role in hydraulic fracturing by ensuring that fractures remain conductive [...] Read more.

As hydraulic fracturing becomes increasingly prevalent in the oil and gas industry, there is a growing need to develop more cost-effective and sustainable technologies, particularly concerning the materials used. Proppants play a vital role in hydraulic fracturing by ensuring that fractures remain conductive and can withstand the pressure exerted by the surrounding strata. One key parameter for evaluating proppants is their compressive strength, especially under harsh environmental conditions. High-strength proppants, such as those made from ceramics or bauxite, are typically expensive due to the materials and complex manufacturing processes involved. In contrast, fly ash, a byproduct of coal-fired power plants, offers a more affordable and environmentally sustainable alternative for proppant production. This study focuses on the development and evaluation of a fly ash-based proppant, exposed to harsh conditions including high temperature and pressure, as well as acidic, alkaline, saline, and crude oil environments. The fly ash was activated using an alkaline solution, which served as a chemical binder for the proppant. After exposure to these conditions, the compressive strength of the fly ash-based proppants was compared to control samples. The results showed that the proppants’ compressive strength was largely unaffected by the harsh environments, particularly for the B20W25 mix design. However, while the fly ash-based proppants performed well under stress, their compressive strength was still lower than that of conventional proppants used in the industry. The B20W25 sample demonstrated a compressive strength of 1181.19 psi (8.1 MPa), which, although resilient, remains below industry standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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12 pages, 560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification for Antioxidant Peptides in Porcine Liver and Heart Hydrolysates Using SWATH-MS Analysis

by Ignė Juknienė, Gintarė Zaborskienė and Jūratė Stankevičienė

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2944; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122944 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 813

Abstract

The use of animal by-products to produce bioactive peptides is a promising and sustainable approach in the food and nutrition industry. Meat by-products can be used as a key raw material for the production of high-value-added components, such as bioactive peptides, to ensure [...] Read more.

The use of animal by-products to produce bioactive peptides is a promising and sustainable approach in the food and nutrition industry. Meat by-products can be used as a key raw material for the production of high-value-added components, such as bioactive peptides, to ensure sustainability. Porcine livers and hearts classified as category three by-products were selected for the study, together with those intended for human consumption, in which no changes were observed after veterinary post-mortem examination. Hydrolysis was performed at three different times 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h, using pepsin and papain. The influence of different hydrolysis times and enzymes on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) value was determined. The highest value of DH was found in porcine hearts after 24 h following hydrolysis with pepsin enzymes (33.56 ± 0.31). The antiradical activity was assessed by measuring the absorbance of DPPH• and ABTS•+ in hydrolysates obtained from porcine meat by-products. Porcine livers hydrolysates treated with papain for 24 h showed the highest radical scavenging abilities ABTS•+ (97.2 ± 1.79%) and DPPH• (92.07 ± 2.23%). The identification and quantification of peptides from porcine livers and hearts were conducted using SWATH-MS technology. The most abundant peptides that showed a relationship with antioxidant capacity were WGKVNVDEVGGEALGRL, WGKVNVDEVGGEAL, and GLWGKVNVDEVGGEALGRL from beta hemoglobin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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16 pages, 2481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Impact of Washing Conditions on the Color Changes of Naturally Colored Cotton Fabrics: A Focus on Detergents, Water Types, and Temperature

by Hesam Aliei, Enric Carrera-Gallissa and Diana Cayuela

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5777; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235777 - 25 Nov 2024

Viewed by 924

Abstract

Intrinsically colored cotton is crucial for sustainability as it eliminates the need for chemical dyes, reducing water pollution and carbon footprint. It also preserves biodiversity by using fewer pesticides and supports eco-friendly, ethical product creation. This research aims to examine the factors that [...] Read more.

Intrinsically colored cotton is crucial for sustainability as it eliminates the need for chemical dyes, reducing water pollution and carbon footprint. It also preserves biodiversity by using fewer pesticides and supports eco-friendly, ethical product creation. This research aims to examine the factors that influence the color change that occurs in naturally colored organic cotton (NaCOC) fabrics when washed under normal household conditions, and it focuses on special detergents designed for people with skin hypersensitivity. The study observes the impact of various washing conditions on the color changes of the fabrics. Specifically, three specific detergents, two types of water (tap and distilled), and three different temperatures (20, 40, and 60 °C) are taken into consideration as variables. By using colorimetric measures and correlating the results with the significant variables of the experimental design, the study evaluates how washing practices affect both the color and the overall integrity of the fabric. The findings demonstrate that the water hardness is the most influential variable when it comes to the color changes in the fabrics. Additionally, higher washing temperatures exacerbate color changes, particularly in hard water conditions. These results provide valuable insights for maintaining the color integrity of NaCOC fabrics during washing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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14 pages, 7395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Friendly Dyeing Processes of Nylon 6.6 Woven Fabrics with Used Coffee Grounds (UCG)

by Payton Becker, Samuel Howarth and Izabela Ciesielska-Wrobel

Sustainability 2024, 16(20), 8919; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208919 - 15 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1688

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable practices in the textile industry has led to the exploration of natural dyes and eco-friendly dyeing processes. This study focuses on the potential of used coffee grounds (UCG) as an eco-friendly natural dye for Nylon 6.6 woven fabrics. [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for sustainable practices in the textile industry has led to the exploration of natural dyes and eco-friendly dyeing processes. This study focuses on the potential of used coffee grounds (UCG) as an eco-friendly natural dye for Nylon 6.6 woven fabrics. Five dyeing processes were evaluated, varying in the use of mordants and acids, to assess their impact on the color saturation, colorfastness to laundering, and crocking resistance of Nylon 6.6. fabric. The processes included a control with no mordant or acid and others that incorporated tannic acid, acetic acid, and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate. The results demonstrated that process 4, which combined tannic acid pre-mordanting with acetic acid in the dye bath, provided the best balance between color saturation and colorfastness. Process 2, utilizing only tannic acid, offered some durability in laundering and crocking tests. Process 5, being the least eco-friendly process, demonstrated high color saturation, but it performed poorly in colorfastness to crocking, which means that it released the UCG-based dye after rubbing the dyed Nylon 6.6. fabric. The findings confirm that UCG can be an effective and sustainable natural dye for Nylon 6.6, with pre-mordanting and acid treatment significantly enhancing dye uptake and retention. However, further research is needed to optimize color intensity and expand the application of UCG in textile dyeing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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15 pages, 6274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Refined Experimental Analysis of Fungal Growth in Degraded Bio-Based Materials

by Dmytro Kosiachevskyi, Kamilia Abahri, Isabelle Trinsoutrot-Gattin, Lisa Castel, Anne Daubresse, Mohend Chaouche and Rachid Bennacer

Processes 2024, 12(10), 2188; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102188 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 931

Abstract

When exposed to different building environmental conditions, bio-composite materials, such as hemp mortars, represent a risk of mold proliferation. This later plays a critical role in the biodeterioration of the materials when their physical properties are locally modified by the natural aging process. [...] Read more.

When exposed to different building environmental conditions, bio-composite materials, such as hemp mortars, represent a risk of mold proliferation. This later plays a critical role in the biodeterioration of the materials when their physical properties are locally modified by the natural aging process. The primary objectives of the present work are first to assess the evolution of the surface of contaminated mortar; second, to investigate an accurate DNA extraction method that could be used for both bio-composite mortars and their fiber sources collected in situ; then, to understand the process of the proliferation of mold strains on both hemp shives and hemp mortar; and finally, to compare mold strains present in these phases to show their relationship to mold contamination and their impact on human health. In situ hemp mortar contamination behavior was investigated in the region of Pau (France) two months after hemp mortar application in extreme conditions (high humidity, low temperature, no aeration), which did not match the standard conditions under which hemp mortar must be used. The SEM observations and FTIR and pH analyses highlighted the decrease in pH level and the presence of organic matter on the mortar surface. DNA sequencing results showed that hemp shives were the main source of fungal contamination of hemp mortar. A mold population analysis showed that the most dominant phylum was Ophistokonta, which represented 83.6% in hemp shives and 99.97% in hemp mortar. The Acrostalagmus genus representatives were the most abundant, with 42% in hemp shives and 96% in hemp mortar. The interconnection between the mold strain characteristics (particularly the ability to grow in extreme environments) and the presence of hemp mortar was emphasized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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24 pages, 14528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Structural Parameters on the Ultimate Strength Capacity of a Designed Vertical Axis Turbine Blade for Ocean Current Power Generators

by Rasgianti, Mukhtasor and Dendy Satrio

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7655; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177655 - 3 Sep 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 995

Abstract

An ocean current power generator is a power plant that uses kinetic energy from ocean currents to generate electricity. Considering that the blade is the component that receives the biggest load from seawater currents, its structural design should be strong enough to sustain [...] Read more.

An ocean current power generator is a power plant that uses kinetic energy from ocean currents to generate electricity. Considering that the blade is the component that receives the biggest load from seawater currents, its structural design should be strong enough to sustain the applied load. Therefore, this research seeks a suitable design and material for turbine blades using the finite element method (FEM). A NACA 0021 blade with a total length of 3600 mm is used for the base geometry. A parametric study was conducted by varying the spacing between the supports, the pitch angle, the material, and the frame model. Considering a high load, the suitable amount of space between the stiffeners was 2200 mm. It was found that a pitch angle variation between −20° and +20° did not significantly affect the strength of the blade structure. The frame geometry variation caused the rigidity and cross-section area of the blade to differ. Therefore, web-shaped or bar-shaped frames are preferable because they have optimal maximum load-to-weight ratios. The material variation analysis resulted in CFRP material being chosen because it had a high maximum load/weight ratio and a high maximum stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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16 pages, 6328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Route to Selective Arsenate Adsorption in Phosphate Solutions via Ternary Metal Biopolymer Composites

by Nam T. Bui, Bernd G. K. Steiger and Lee D. Wilson

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 7577; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177577 - 27 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1582

Abstract

With the increased need for improved adsorbents for efficient water treatment, sodium alginate (NaAlg) and chitosan (Chi) represent promising platform biopolymers for the preparation of biocomposite adsorbents for the effective removal of waterborne oxyanion (arsenate (As_i) and orthophosphate (P_i)) [...] Read more.

With the increased need for improved adsorbents for efficient water treatment, sodium alginate (NaAlg) and chitosan (Chi) represent promising platform biopolymers for the preparation of biocomposite adsorbents for the effective removal of waterborne oxyanion (arsenate (As_i) and orthophosphate (P_i)) contaminants. The TMCs were characterized by spectroscopy (infrared (IR), SEM with an energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX)), point-of-zero-charge (PZC) measurements, and dye adsorption by employing p-nitrophenol at variable pH. Based on dye adsorption results, the adsorbent surface area (SA) was 271 m²/g for Al-TMC, 286 m²/g for Fe-TMC, and 311 m²/g for Cu-TMC. This indicates the role of adsorbent pore structure and swelling in water. Further, the role of either aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), or iron (Fe) for the preparation of TMCs for the selective As_i removal in the presence of P_i as a competitor anion was evaluated. While Al, Fe, and Cu coordinate to the biopolymer framework at C=O sites, only Fe coordinates to –NH₂ sites. While Al coordinated via Al-O and interfacial hydroxy groups, Cu showed the formation of Cu₂(OH)₃NO₃ in contrast to Fe, which observed FeOOH formation. Adsorption of As_i was highest for Al-TMC (80 mg/g), followed by Fe-TMC (77 mg/g) and Cu-TMC (31 mg/g). Adsorption of P_i was highest for Al-TMC (93 mg/g), followed by Fe-TMC (66 mg/g) and Cu-TMC (17 mg/g). While Al-TMC showed the highest adsorption capacity overall, only Fe-TMC (followed by Cu-TMC) showed strong arsenate selectivity over orthophosphate. The selectivity toward As_i in presence of P_i was determined and the binary separation factor (α_t/c) and the selectivity coefficient (β_t) were calculated, where Cu-TMC (α_t/c = 6.1; β_t = 4.4) and Fe-TMC (α_t/c = 8.3; β_t = 5.0) exceeded Al-TMC (α_t/c = 1.5; β_t = 1.2). This work contributes to the field of oxyanion-selective adsorbents via judicious selection of the metal salt precursor during the synthetic design of the ternary biocomposite systems, as demonstrated herein. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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16 pages, 9740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bi-Directional Prediction Model for Hot Pressing Production Parameters and Quality of High-Performance Bamboo-Based Fiber Composites Based on cHGWOSCA-SVR

by Yucheng Ding, Jiawei Zhang, Fanwei Meng, Shaolin Tan, Qinguo Xu, Chunmei Yang and Wenji Yu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6691; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156691 - 31 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1124

Abstract

In the hot press process of high-performance bamboo-based fiber composites, there is a highly nonlinear relationship between the production parameters of hot press and the quality parameters of the finished boards. Consequently, it is challenging to accurately predict the quality of the boards [...] Read more.

In the hot press process of high-performance bamboo-based fiber composites, there is a highly nonlinear relationship between the production parameters of hot press and the quality parameters of the finished boards. Consequently, it is challenging to accurately predict the quality of the boards based on the given production parameters, and it is equally difficult to preset the production parameters to achieve the desired board quality. The current approach relies on manual experience, which may result in subpar board quality and material waste. To address these issues, this paper proposes a bi-directional prediction model based on cHGWO-SCA-SVR, using the collaboration-based hybrid GWO-SCA optimizer to optimize the relevant parameters of the SVR, and then accurately predicting the production parameters and the quality of the finished boards in both directions. Finally the cHGWO-SCA-SVR prediction model achieves an average

R^{2}

of 0.9591 for the forward prediction model and lower MAE and MSE values compared to other models; for the reverse prediction model, it attains an average

R^{2}

of 0.9553 and lower MAE and MSE values compared to other models. The results demonstrate the superiority of the cHGWO-SCA-SVR prediction model in comparison with other existing models, proving its significance in guiding the production of high-performance bamboo-based fiber composites by hot compression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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13 pages, 16248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Gypsum–Urea with Enhanced Sustainability from Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum in Saturated Urea Solution

by Caiyun Jia, Jiang Zhao, Xiaoxia Fang, Pujun Wang, Anni Xiao and Haijun Zhang

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 6208; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146208 - 20 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1896

Abstract

Gypsum–urea is a kind of urea product with substantially reduced aqueous solubility and lower hygroscopicity that increases the soil retention time of urea and thus enhance its environmental sustainability. Here, gypsum–urea was prepared using bulk industrial solid waste flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum [...] Read more.

Gypsum–urea is a kind of urea product with substantially reduced aqueous solubility and lower hygroscopicity that increases the soil retention time of urea and thus enhance its environmental sustainability. Here, gypsum–urea was prepared using bulk industrial solid waste flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum as a raw material in a saturated urea solution via immobilizing urea molecules into the crystal lattice. The preparation process was achieved through a dissolution–recrystallization mechanism during which FGD gypsum dissolved into Ca²⁺ and SO₄²⁻, which then recrystallized with CO(NH₂)₂ to form gypsum–urea. The preparation process was almost completed within 10 min, and the formed gypsum–urea presented a uniform size distribution of 30–90 μm and a much lower hygroscopicity and nitrogen release efficiency than that of urea. With a high efficiency of synthesis, and sustainable features, and the recyclability of the saturated mother urea solution, the dissolution–recrystallization-based urea immobilization approach is highly promising regarding the preparation of gypsum–urea with the desired environmental sustainability and contributes to the realization of the sustainable reutilization of FGD gypsum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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15 pages, 1928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Preparative-Scale Extraction from Graševina Grape Pomace Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

by Manuela Panić, Anja Damjanović, Kristina Radošević, Marina Cvjetko Bubalo, Filip Dujmić, Marko Škegro, Ivana Radojčić Redovniković and Mladen Brnčić

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6185; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146185 - 16 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

This research paper presents an advanced exploration into the utilization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) to achieve higher concentrations of polyphenols from Graševina grape pomace. Focusing on optimizing extraction parameters to maximize the yield of polyphenols, this [...] Read more.

This research paper presents an advanced exploration into the utilization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) to achieve higher concentrations of polyphenols from Graševina grape pomace. Focusing on optimizing extraction parameters to maximize the yield of polyphenols, this study evaluates their potential industrial applications, particularly within the food and cosmetics sectors. The effectiveness of betaine/glucose (BGlc) NADESs in producing stable, ready-to-use extracts with enhanced bioavailability and eco-friendly attributes is underscored. The integration of UAE with BGlc NADESs has shown significant scalability and applicability for industrial use, as evidenced by the extracts’ collagenase-inhibitory effects, determined using a ninhydrin-based colorimetric assay showing the significant inhibition of gelatine degradation and scratch tests on cultured skin cells, demonstrating enhanced cell migration and wound healing, indicating their potential in anti-aging cosmetic products. Additionally, the results from PAMPA tests demonstrated that NADES extraction significantly enhances the intestinal absorption of polyphenols from grape pomace extracts compared to conventional solvents, highlighting the potential of NADESs to improve the bioavailability of these compounds and offering promising implications for their application in the food industry. Furthermore, the research highlights the practicality of directly incorporating these extracts into products, such as anti-aging creams and functional foods, supporting sustainability initiatives within the cosmetic and food industries. This work aims to provide a comprehensive guide to green extraction techniques on a preparative scale, showcasing the versatility and innovative applications of NADES-extracted compounds across various industries, thereby paving the way for the development of eco-conscious and effective products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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20 pages, 3677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) of Hot-Compression Molding Temperature of Bamboo-Based Fiber Composites

by Yucheng Ding, Shaolin Tan, Zhihao Liu, Tongbin Liu, Yaqiang Ma, Fanwei Meng, Jiawei Zhang and Chunmei Yang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6080; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146080 - 12 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1216

Abstract

Due to their outstanding properties, bamboo-based fiber composites are gaining significant traction in the fields of construction and decoration. Among the crucial process steps in their production, hot pressing stands out as a pivotal one. Temperature, being a key parameter in hot pressing, [...] Read more.

Due to their outstanding properties, bamboo-based fiber composites are gaining significant traction in the fields of construction and decoration. Among the crucial process steps in their production, hot pressing stands out as a pivotal one. Temperature, being a key parameter in hot pressing, and its stability of control exert a profound impact on the finished mechanical properties and associated indices of bamboo-based fiber composites. In this investigation, we introduce an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) methodology specifically tailored for the hot-pressing temperature of bamboo-based fiber composites. A mathematical model encompassing the motor, steam regulating valve, and, ultimately, the hot-pressing temperature is formulated, with the transfer functions at each level being precisely determined through parameter identification techniques. The simulation outcomes reveal that in the absence of signal interference, sinusoidal signal interference, or random signal interference, the ADRC method outperforms the traditional PID algorithm in the realm of hot-pressing temperature control for bamboo-based fiber composites. This approach effectively reduces the temperature fluctuations of the PID algorithm, thereby averting issues such as premature curing or board bursting. In summary, this study holds significant implications for enhancing the mechanical properties of bamboo-based fiber composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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21 pages, 11283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Artificial Stone through the Recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste in a Polymeric Matrix

by Marcelo Barcellos Reis, Henry Alonso Colorado Lopera, Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira, Afonso Rangel Garcez Azevedo, Elaine Aparecida Santos Carvalho and Sérgio Neves Monteiro

Sustainability 2024, 16(14), 5952; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16145952 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2391

Abstract

Civil construction is one of the oldest activities known to humanity, with reports indicating that builders from the Roman Empire were already seeking to reuse materials. Currently, considering the depletion of natural resource supplies, the recycling of solid construction and demolition waste (CDW) [...] Read more.

Civil construction is one of the oldest activities known to humanity, with reports indicating that builders from the Roman Empire were already seeking to reuse materials. Currently, considering the depletion of natural resource supplies, the recycling of solid construction and demolition waste (CDW) not only provides new products but also presents ecological and economical alternatives. In this context, this research explores new variables for the disposal of CDW, with the manufacturing of artificial finishing stones appearing as a strong possibility to be studied. This research presents the development of a new composite from CDW, using an orthophthalic polyester resin as a binder. The waste was sieved and separated by granulometry using the simplex centroid method. The best-compacted mixture was determined statistically by ANOVA and Tukey’s test. The waste was characterized by X-ray fluorescence, and the resin by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Artificial stone slabs were produced with 85% waste and 15% resin by mass, using the vibro-compression and vacuum system. They were subsequently cut for mechanical, physical, and chemical tests. Microstructural analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy on the surfaces of the fractured compositions, as well as on the grains. The artificial stone with the best results had a density of 2.256 g/cm³, a water absorption of 0.69%, and an apparent porosity of 1.55%. It also exhibited a flexural strength of 34.74 MPa and a compressive strength of 111.96 MPa, alongside good results in alterability and thermal tests. In this satisfactory scenario, the use of this waste in the composition of artificial stones is promising, as it directly aligns with the concept of sustainable development. It replaces the end-of-life concept of the linear economy with new circular flows of reuse, restoration, and renewal, in an integrated process of the circular economy. Additionally, the quality of the final product exhibits properties similar to those of commercially available artificial stones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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27 pages, 1976 KiB

Open AccessReview

Examining the Progress in Additive Manufacturing in Supporting Lean, Green and Sustainable Manufacturing: A Systematic Review

by Catherine Maware, Rumbidzai Muvunzi, Tinotenda Machingura and Ilesanmi Daniyan

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6041; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146041 - 11 Jul 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2528

Abstract

The quest for waste reduction and the development of manufacturing processes that meet the economic, social and environmental requirements necessitate this study. Additive manufacturing is an emerging digital technology that can be used to seamlessly develop a product through material deposition in layers. [...] Read more.

The quest for waste reduction and the development of manufacturing processes that meet the economic, social and environmental requirements necessitate this study. Additive manufacturing is an emerging digital technology that can be used to seamlessly develop a product through material deposition in layers. The study aims to investigate the progress made in the development of additive manufacturing to support lean, green and sustainable manufacturing. The study employs a systematic literature review approach, specifically the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). A total of 158 articles identified from different academic databases that detailed empirical, conceptual and theoretical findings were reviewed, having matched the selection criteria. The outcome of the study indicated that additive manufacturing can be used to achieve waste reduction, reduction in emission generation and carbon footprints with significant energy and material conservation. The findings also indicated that the additive manufacturing process also boasts time- and cost-effectiveness during manufacturing compared to the conventional manufacturing technique. Although the process is energy intensive, careful selection of the suitable additive manufacturing process to be employed based on the requirements coupled with a proper product design may result in considerable energy savings at the preprocessing, processing or post-processing stages. This work adds to the understanding of additive manufacturing and contributes to the existing literature on the relationship among additive, lean, and green manufacturing. The study may help manufacturing organizations in their quest to minimize waste generation and achieve material and energy efficiency throughout their product lifecycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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19 pages, 5516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers and Optimization Using the Box–Behnken Response Surface Methodology Tool

by Cynthie Dega, Rachid Boukhili, Babak Esmaeili, Jean-Philippe Laviolette, Jocelyn Doucet and Justine Decaens

Materials 2024, 17(13), 3256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133256 - 2 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1260

Abstract

This article introduces an eco-friendly method for the reclamation of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP). The research project involved numerous experiments using microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) to explore a range of factors, such as the inert gas flow, the power level, the On/Off frequency of [...] Read more.

This article introduces an eco-friendly method for the reclamation of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP). The research project involved numerous experiments using microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) to explore a range of factors, such as the inert gas flow, the power level, the On/Off frequency of rotation, and the reaction duration. To design the experiments, the three-level Box–Behnken optimization tool was employed. To determine the individual and combined effects of the input parameters on the thermal decomposition of the resin, the data were analyzed using least-squares variance adjustment. The results demonstrate that the models developed in this study were successful in predicting the direct parameters of influence in the microwave-assisted decomposition of CFRPs. An optimal set of operating conditions was found to be the maximum nitrogen flow (2.9 L/min) and the maximum operating experimental power (914 W). In addition, it was observed that the reactor vessel’s On/Off rotation frequency and that increasing the reaction time beyond 6 min had no significant influence on the resin elimination percentage when compared to the two other parameters, i.e., power and carrier gas flow rate. Consequently, the above-mentioned conditions resulted in a maximum resin elimination percentage of 79.6%. Following successful MAP, various post-pyrolysis treatments were employed. These included mechanical abrasion using quartz sand, chemical dissolution, thermal oxidative treatment using a microwave (MW) applicator and thermal oxidative treatment in a conventional furnace. Among these post-treatment techniques, thermal oxidation and chemical dissolution were found to be the most efficient methods, eliminating 100% of the carbon black content on the surface of the recovered carbon fibers. Finally, SEM evaluations and XPS analysis were conducted to compare the surface morphology and elementary constitution of the recovered carbon fibers with virgin carbon fibers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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11 pages, 3090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Impact Assessment of Anti-Corrosion Coating Life Cycle Processes for Marine Applications

by Avinash Borgaonkar and Greg McNamara

Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5627; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135627 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2995

Abstract

In the present study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) of uncoated steel and alkyd-coated steel (using the sol–gel method) systems subjected to the marine atmosphere is performed to examine their environmental impacts. The LCA findings demonstrate a notable 46% reduction in the overall [...] Read more.

In the present study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) of uncoated steel and alkyd-coated steel (using the sol–gel method) systems subjected to the marine atmosphere is performed to examine their environmental impacts. The LCA findings demonstrate a notable 46% reduction in the overall environmental impact of the coated system compared to the uncoated system. The findings of the sensitivity analysis indicate that a decreased mean time between repair and maintenance, along with an augmented quantity of coating, results in adverse environmental consequences. Furthermore, the LCA outcomes highlight the significant environmental impacts associated with 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and n-propanol within the coated system. Hence, there is a need for the development of commercial coatings with bio-based products to develop a greener solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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13 pages, 3196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Wood Protection System against Fire, Fungi and Insect Damage Using Humic Acids and Fly Ash

by Jüri Liiv, Ergo Rikmann, Merrit Shanskiy and Tõnis Teppand

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5179; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125179 - 14 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1338

Abstract

Traditional wood protection methods involving fire retardants and preservative paints have limitations, requiring periodic renewal during a building’s lifecycle and generating hazardous waste post-use. This study aims to achieve a multifaceted solution, simultaneously enhancing wood’s resistance to fire, fungi, and insects using natural [...] Read more.

Traditional wood protection methods involving fire retardants and preservative paints have limitations, requiring periodic renewal during a building’s lifecycle and generating hazardous waste post-use. This study aims to achieve a multifaceted solution, simultaneously enhancing wood’s resistance to fire, fungi, and insects using natural and/or recycled mineral waste components containing lime that react with pozzolanic additives. Additionally, organic humates provide protection against pests (fungi and insects). Following the crystallization processes within the wood’s structure, it exhibits increased resistance to fire, as demonstrated by tests involving seven species. The study also describes wood tolerance tests against termites (Reticulitermes flavipes) that yielded promising results, indicating that the treated wood is an unsuitable habitat for these pests. An additional advantage for the timber industry is that the crystallized composite filling the wood’s pores minimizes wood stitching and reduces internal stresses during the drying process. This property enhances the utility of timber in frame structures and carpentry joints, which are less susceptible to moisture-induced movements. The timber impregnated by our method can also be repurposed or disposed of as non-hazardous waste. This research thus offers an eco-friendly and effective approach to wood protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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14 pages, 5332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Band Gap Modulation in Zn₂TiO₄ Spinels for Efficient UV-A Persistent Luminescence

by Ankit Sharma, Moondeep Chouhan and Suchinder K. Sharma

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4456; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114456 - 23 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1052

Abstract

Spinels are important materials for an application in bioimaging. The key advantage with spinel-type hosts is the presence of antisite defects, which act as charge reservoirs for trapping electrons and holes at complementary defect sites. This makes them a host system similar to [...] Read more.

Spinels are important materials for an application in bioimaging. The key advantage with spinel-type hosts is the presence of antisite defects, which act as charge reservoirs for trapping electrons and holes at complementary defect sites. This makes them a host system similar to a molecular system. Herein, we present a systematic approach to modulating the band gap of an inverse

{Zn}_{2}

{TiO}_{4}

spinel. With a change in ZnO concentration, the absorption band at 375 nm diminishes and disappears at a ZnO:TiO₂ concentration of 1.40:1.00. The band gap of the material is modified from 3.30 to 4.40 eV. The crystal structure of the sample does not change drastically as determined using X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. The

{Zn}_{2}

{TiO}_{4}

emits in the UV-A region with a lifetime in the time domain of ‘ns’. The sample also shows persistent luminescence of at least 15 min upon excitation with 254 nm with prominent emission in the UV-A region (300–390 nm). The present results open a new avenue for the synthesis of spinel hosts where the band gap can be modified with ease. The UV emission thus observed is expected to find usage in interesting applications like photocatalysis, anti-counterfeiting, water disinfecting, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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14 pages, 2651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Sustainable Viscose-to-Viscose Production: Strategies for Recycling of Viscose Fibres

by Diana Carolina Reyes Forsberg, Jenny Bengtsson, Nadine Hollinger and Tahani Kaldéus

Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 4127; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104127 - 15 May 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3158

Abstract

The potential for using discarded viscose textiles to produce high-quality viscose fibres is limited by the low molecular weight of the cellulose and its continued reduction in the recycling process. Herein, we present a straightforward approach of reprocessing discarded viscose textiles while achieving [...] Read more.

The potential for using discarded viscose textiles to produce high-quality viscose fibres is limited by the low molecular weight of the cellulose and its continued reduction in the recycling process. Herein, we present a straightforward approach of reprocessing discarded viscose textiles while achieving high-quality recycled viscose fibres. Discarded viscose textile was defibrated and centrifuged, and the resulting fibres were reprocessed under industrially relevant conditions. The produced viscose dope was fluid and resulted in viscose fibres with properties comparable to fibres made from commercial wood cellulose pulp (titer ~2 dtex; dry elongation ~16%, dry tenacity ~15 cN/tex). To explore the potential for a more environmentally friendly production process, the steeping step was performed twice (double-steeping), thereby producing a more homogeneous viscose dope. Through double-steeping, the consumption of carbon disulfide (CS₂) could be reduced by 30.5%. The double-steeping method shows to be a suitable approach to reprocess discarded viscose textiles while reducing the environmental impact of the viscose process associated with the use of CS₂. Our work demonstrates that discarded viscose textile has the potential to be part of a circular textile value chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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19 pages, 6855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Preparation and Performance Study of Eco-Friendly Composite Chemical Dust Suppressants: A Case Study in a Construction Site in Chengdu

by Yong Xu, Ben Ma, Yingda Zhang and Yujie Fan

Materials 2024, 17(10), 2346; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102346 - 15 May 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1330

Abstract

To mitigate dust pollution generated during various stages of construction activities and reduce the environmental and health hazards posed by airborne dust, this study utilized hydroxyethyl cellulose, glycerol, and isomeric tridecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether as raw materials to formulate a composite chemical dust [...] Read more.

To mitigate dust pollution generated during various stages of construction activities and reduce the environmental and health hazards posed by airborne dust, this study utilized hydroxyethyl cellulose, glycerol, and isomeric tridecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether as raw materials to formulate a composite chemical dust suppressant. The properties of the dust suppressant were characterized through analysis. Employing single-factor experiments, the optimal proportions of the binder, water-retaining agent, and surfactant for the composite dust suppressant were determined. Subsequently, a response surface model was established, and, after analysis and optimization, the optimal mass ratios of each component in the composite dust suppressant were obtained. Under optimal ratios, the physicochemical properties and wind erosion resistance of the composite dust suppressant were analyzed. Finally, the practical application of the suppressant was validated through on-site trials at a construction site. This study revealed that the optimal formulation for the dust suppressant was as follows: 0.2% hydroxyethyl cellulose, 2.097% glycerol, 0.693% isomeric tridecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, and the remainder was pure water. The suppressant is non-toxic, non-corrosive, environmentally friendly, and exhibits excellent moisture retention and bonding properties compared to water. The research findings provide valuable insights for addressing dust pollution issues on construction sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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14 pages, 6946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fiber-Reinforced Coal Gangue-Based Alumina Aerogel Composites with Highly Thermal Stability by Ambient Pressure Drying

by Kai Bo, Hongwei Liu, Yanlan Zhang and Yongzhen Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 4032; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104032 - 11 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1837

Abstract

An aluminum silicate fiber/alumina aerogel (ASF/AA) composite was prepared via the sol-gel method and atmospheric drying (APD) method using coal gangue (CG) solid waste from Xingxian county, Shanxi Province, as the aluminum source. Utilizing N₂ adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared [...] Read more.

An aluminum silicate fiber/alumina aerogel (ASF/AA) composite was prepared via the sol-gel method and atmospheric drying (APD) method using coal gangue (CG) solid waste from Xingxian county, Shanxi Province, as the aluminum source. Utilizing N₂ adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal conductivity meters, researchers examined the microstructure, composition, pore structure, and thermal insulation performance of ASF/AA composites. The thermal conductivity mechanism of the composite was analyzed. The experimental results show that most of the aluminum in CG is used. More importantly, in the process of aerogel synthesis, the atmospheric pressure drying method is used to obtain similar properties to supercritical drying. The composite material exhibits a low thermal conductivity of 0.047 W/(m·K), a high specific surface area of 416 m²/g, and a low density of 0.26 g/cm³ at room temperature. After heating at 1200 °C for 2 h, the thermal conductivity was as low as 0.071 W/(m·K). This strategy can not only effectively achieve a reduction in the harmfulness of solid waste coal gangue, but also alleviate the shortage of related energy and resources in our country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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13 pages, 4248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of a Biofiller, Polylactide, on the General Characteristics of Epoxy-Based Materials

by Angelika Plota-Pietrzak, Leszek Czechowski and Anna Masek

Materials 2024, 17(5), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051069 - 26 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1031

Abstract

The aim of this work was to obtain epoxy-based composite structures with good mechanical performance, high aging resistance, and an improved degradability profile. For this purpose, powdered polylactide in the amount of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 phr was introduced into the [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to obtain epoxy-based composite structures with good mechanical performance, high aging resistance, and an improved degradability profile. For this purpose, powdered polylactide in the amount of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 phr was introduced into the epoxy resin, and the composites were fabricated by a simple method, which is similar to that used on an industrial scale in the fabrication of these products. The first analysis concerned the study of the effect of PLA addition to epoxy resin-based composites on their mechanical properties. One-directional tensile tests of samples were performed for three directions (0, 90, and 45 degrees referring to the plate edges). Another aspect of this research was the assessment of the resistance of these composites to long-term exposure to solar radiation and elevated temperature. Based on the obtained results, it was observed that the samples containing 20 or 40 phr of polylactide were characterized by the lowest resistance to the solar aging process. It was therefore concluded that the optimal amount of polylactide in the epoxy resin composite should not be greater than 10 phr to maintain its mechanical behavior and high aging resistance. In the available literature, there are many examples in which scientists have proposed the use of various biofillers (e.g., lignin, starch, rice husk, coconut shell powder) in epoxy composites; however, the impact of polylactide on the general characteristics of the epoxy resin has not been described so far. Therefore, this work perfectly fills the gaps in the literature and may contribute to a more widespread use of additives of natural origin, which may constitute an excellent alternative to commonly used non-renewable compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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17 pages, 11177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Mechanism Analysis of Stainless Steel AOD Slag Mixture Base Materials

by Liuyun Huang, Guogao Wei, Zhuxin Lan, Yuliang Chen and Tun Li

Materials 2024, 17(5), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17050970 - 20 Feb 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1154

Abstract

To promote resourceful utilization of argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) slag, this research developed a new three-ash stabilized recycled aggregate with AOD slag, cement, fly ash (FA), and recycled aggregate (RA) as raw materials. The AOD slag was adopted as an equal mass replacement [...] Read more.

To promote resourceful utilization of argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) slag, this research developed a new three-ash stabilized recycled aggregate with AOD slag, cement, fly ash (FA), and recycled aggregate (RA) as raw materials. The AOD slag was adopted as an equal mass replacement for fly ash. The application of this aggregate in a road base layer was investigated in terms of its mechanical properties and mechanistic analysis. First, based on a cement: FA ratio of 1:4, 20 sets of mixed proportion schemes were designed for four kinds of cement dosage and AOD slag replacement rates (R/%). Through compaction tests and the 7-day unconfined compressive strength test, it was found that a 3% cement dosage met the engineering requirements. Then, the unconfined compressive strength test, indirect tensile strength test, compressive rebound modulus test, and expansion rate test were carried out at different age thresholds. The results showed that the mixture’s strength, modulus, and expansion rate increased initially and then stabilized with age, while the strength and modulus initially increased and then decreased with increasing R. Secondly, based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) used to analyze the mechanism, it was found that the strength, modulus, and expansion rate of the new material can be promoted by blending AOD slag, due to its ability to fully stimulate the hydration reaction and pozzolanic reaction of the binder. Finally, based on the strength and modulus results, R = 3% was identified as the optimal ratio, which provides a reference point for the effective application of AOD slag and RA in road base materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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15 pages, 2190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of the Pressing Process and Density Profile of MUPF-Bonded Particleboards Produced from Waste Plywood

by Agnieszka Laskowska

Materials 2024, 17(4), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040850 - 10 Feb 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1116

Abstract

Waste plywood containing phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin is one of the materials that are difficult to use in the production of particleboards based on UF resin. Therefore, the aim of this research was to analyze the possibility of using this type of waste in [...] Read more.

Waste plywood containing phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin is one of the materials that are difficult to use in the production of particleboards based on UF resin. Therefore, the aim of this research was to analyze the possibility of using this type of waste in the production of particleboards bonded with melamine-urea-phenol-formaldehyde (MUPF) resin in order to determine their suitability for particleboard production. The pressing process and density profile of three-layer particleboards were presented. The press closing time for mats containing only recovered particles in the core layer (100%), produced with a face layer ratio of 50%, a resin load for a face layer of 12%, and a core layer of 10%, at a unit pressure of 3 MPa, was 29% shorter than for the industrial particle mats. Regardless of the level of variability of independent factors, the heating time of the mats containing recovered particles was 10–20% shorter than the heating time of the mats with industrial particles. The greatest impact on the maximum density of the face layer of particleboards was observed for the content of the recovered particles and then the resin load. The maximum density area of the face layer was located closer to the surface in particleboards produced with a higher (80%, 100%) content of the recovered particles, a higher (i.e., 12% and 10%, respectively, for face and core layers) resin load, a lower (35%) face layer ratio, and a higher (3 MPa) unit pressure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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12 pages, 1711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Chrome Tanned Leather Shavings Modification—Properties and Prospective for Future Application

by Dorota Gendaszewska, Paulina Pipiak, Dorota Wieczorek and Katarzyna Sieczyńska

Processes 2024, 12(1), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010228 - 21 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2266

Abstract

Chrome tanned leather shavings (CTLS) are considered one of the more difficult wastes to manage in the tanning industry. At the same time, this waste is an important source of good quality collagen. The few methods described in the literature for the valorization [...] Read more.

Chrome tanned leather shavings (CTLS) are considered one of the more difficult wastes to manage in the tanning industry. At the same time, this waste is an important source of good quality collagen. The few methods described in the literature for the valorization of these wastes usually require pre-treatment or activation. In this study, an attempt was made to see if raw chrome tanned leather shavings (CTLS) could be modified to obtain secondary raw materials with new physical properties. Glutaraldehyde, glycerol, EDCs, pectin, and tannins were selected for modification of the CTLS. The effectiveness of the processes carried out was confirmed by FTIR analysis of the materials obtained. Changes in the intensity of the characteristic collagen peak (amide I, amide II, and amide III) and changes in the position of the bands in the 1200–1000 cm⁻¹ region were observed in the recorded spectra. The modifications introduced confirmed changes in the physical properties of samples M1–M5, including an increase in bulk density from 0.15 to 0.59 g cm⁻³, and improved tensile strength is some cases. The elemental content results of the samples tested showed the resulting modified CTLS were free of Cd, Hg, Pb, and Cr(VI). It was also confirmed tanning waste contained significant amounts of various valuable elements. The research also included preliminary tests to assess the environmental impact of the modified materials. In a phytotoxicity test conducted on modified CTLS, M1 with pectins showed the highest root stimulation (105%), while samples with glutaraldehyde and unmodified CTLS showed significant root inhibition (75%, 74%). Other samples showed moderate plant toxicity and seed germination was not significantly affected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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24 pages, 4942 KiB

Open AccessReview

White Paper on Textile Fibre Recycling Technologies

by Birgit Stubbe, Stijn Van Vrekhem, Sofie Huysman, Rémi G. Tilkin, Isabel De Schrijver and Myriam Vanneste

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020618 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7443

Abstract

As both governments and customers push for sustainable and recyclable textile products, textile companies will have to change their linear business model to a circular one. The aim of the present work is to help these companies take action by providing an update [...] Read more.

As both governments and customers push for sustainable and recyclable textile products, textile companies will have to change their linear business model to a circular one. The aim of the present work is to help these companies take action by providing an update of the state-of-the-art of textile recycling technologies. Extensive desktop research was performed in order to prepare an overview of existing textile recycling technologies, their current state, and projected developments, also including facilitating technologies for sorting and disintegration of textile products, as well as virtual platforms that connect stakeholders and inform consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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10 pages, 2267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Purification Using Active Charcoal with Microbes and Chelated Iron Soaked into Its Micropores

by Hui-lian Xu, Ruitao Cai, Mengmeng Kong, Tao Ye, Jinsong Gu and Xiaoyong Liu

Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16727; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416727 - 11 Dec 2023

Viewed by 2610

Abstract

Urbanization in China has led to a significant increase in surface water pollution, posing a threat to the health and safety of residents and hindering sustainable economic development. Individual traditional methods have been used to purify polluted water, including the use of bamboo-derived [...] Read more.

Urbanization in China has led to a significant increase in surface water pollution, posing a threat to the health and safety of residents and hindering sustainable economic development. Individual traditional methods have been used to purify polluted water, including the use of bamboo-derived activated charcoal, microbial material, and zero-valent iron. However, these methods have been found to have certain limitations. This study investigates the effects of an activated charcoal material combined with beneficial microbes and chelated nano-iron in removing nitrates. The experiments were conducted at various scales, including a bench-scale study, and studies of a small river, sewage plant tailwater, and artificially constructed wetlands. The microbes used included Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., and yeasts. During the fermentation process, nano-scale iron powder was added, resulting in the formation of bivalent iron ions under anaerobic conditions. These ions were subsequently chelated by organic acids. Bamboo-derived activated charcoal was then soaked in the fermented liquid, allowing the microbes, chelated iron ions, and organic acids to infiltrate the pores of the activated charcoal. This activated charcoal material, containing microbes and chelated iron ions, demonstrated effective nitrate removal in laboratory experiments and sewage plant tailwater treatment, and water purification in wetlands and rivers. It is important to note that this research solely focused on the removal of nitrates, and further studies are required to confirm its effectiveness in other aspects of water purification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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22 pages, 3106 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Sustainable Harnessing of SiO₂ Nanoparticles from Rice Husks: A Review of the Best Synthesis and Applications

by Alba Rodriguez-Otero, Vicmary Vargas, Anne Galarneau, Jimmy Castillo, Jan H. Christensen and Brice Bouyssiere

Processes 2023, 11(12), 3373; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11123373 - 5 Dec 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5799

Abstract

The extraction of silica particles from rice husks has been extensively studied. This review aims to present the most efficient approach to harnessing rice husk biomass and converting silica into high-value-added materials for direct applications to address current challenges like water purification. Rice [...] Read more.

The extraction of silica particles from rice husks has been extensively studied. This review aims to present the most efficient approach to harnessing rice husk biomass and converting silica into high-value-added materials for direct applications to address current challenges like water purification. Rice husks, as a residue from agriculture, had been largely used as a source of power through direct incineration in major rice-producing countries. However, rice husks present an intriguing opportunity as a renewable source of SiO₂, offering a low-cost adsorbent with a high surface area and ease of functionalization that can be transformed into diverse mesoporous silica structures or composites, enabling applications in catalysis, drug delivery, water treatment, etc. This dual potential of rice husks can be harnessed by combining bio-oil and syngas production through pyrolysis with the efficient extraction of SiO₂, ensuring the comprehensive utilization of the biomass. This review not only highlights the immense potential of silica nanoparticles but also serves as a roadmap for future investigations, with the ultimate aim of harnessing the full capabilities of this renewable and sustainable resource, contributing to the circular economy by yielding valuable by-products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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23 pages, 13115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method of Producing Low-Density, High-Strength Thin Cement Sheets: Pilot Run for a Glass-Free Solar Panel

by Jyh-Jeng Deng, Teng-Hsuan Lin, Jean-Shyan Wang, Yao-Chung Hsiao, Grung-Yi Tu and Qi-Hung Huang

Materials 2023, 16(23), 7500; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237500 - 4 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1492

Abstract

This paper presents an innovative method of producing a low-density, high-strength, thin cement sheet. A seaweed powder was mixed with Portland cement, a foaming agent, calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA), and a quantity of water to create an A4-sized thin sheet with a thickness of [...] Read more.

This paper presents an innovative method of producing a low-density, high-strength, thin cement sheet. A seaweed powder was mixed with Portland cement, a foaming agent, calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA), and a quantity of water to create an A4-sized thin sheet with a thickness of 7 mm, which can withstand 1.5 kg in weight. This sheet was then covered with ethylene vinyl acetate and a backsheet to create a sandwiched cement sheet. The advantages of this sandwiched cement sheet are two-fold. First, it can support up to 13 kg in a static mechanical loading test, without bending, for over eight hours. Second, it can be quickly recovered at the end of its life cycle. This was a preliminary experiment to produce a large cement sheet that could satisfy the loading requirements for a solar panel. The purpose of the large, thin cement sheet is to replace the glass in a conventional solar panel and create a lightweight solar panel of less than 10 kg, which would mean that the installation of solar panels would become a one-person operation rather than a two-person operation. It would also increase the efficiency of the solar panel installation process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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15 pages, 3185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Durability Performance for Chloride Ingress Considering Long-Term Aged GGBFS and FA Concrete and Analysis of the Relationship between Concrete Mixture Characteristic and Passed Charge Using Machine Learning Algorithm

by Yong-Sik Yoon, Seung-Jun Kwon, Kyong-Chul Kim, YoungSeok Kim, Kyung-Taek Koh, Won-Young Choi and Kwang-Mo Lim

Materials 2023, 16(23), 7459; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237459 - 30 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1314

Abstract

In this study, accelerated chloride diffusion tests are performed on ordinary Portland cement (OPC), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and fly ash (FA) concretes aged 4–6 years. Passed charge is evaluated according to ASTM-C-1202 for 12 mixtures, considering water–binder (W/B) ratios (0.37, [...] Read more.

In this study, accelerated chloride diffusion tests are performed on ordinary Portland cement (OPC), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and fly ash (FA) concretes aged 4–6 years. Passed charge is evaluated according to ASTM-C-1202 for 12 mixtures, considering water–binder (W/B) ratios (0.37, 0.42, and 0.47), GGBFS replacement rates (0%, 30%, 50%), and FA replacement rates (0% and 30%). The effects of aged days on passed charge reduction behavior are quantified through repetitive regression analysis. Among existing machine learning (ML) models, linear, lasso, and ridge models are used to analyze the correlation of aged days and mix properties with passed charge. Passed charge analysis considering long-term age shows a significant variability decrease of passed charge by W/B ratio with increasing age and added admixtures (GGBFS and FA). Furthermore, the higher the water–binder ratio in GGBFS and FA concretes, the greater the decrease in passed charge due to aged days. The ML model-based regression analysis shows high correlation when compressive strength and independent variables are considered together. Future work includes a correlational analysis between mixture properties and chloride ingress durability performance using deep learning models based on the time series properties of evaluation data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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14 pages, 3923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison between Micro-Powder Injection Molding and Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Metal Powders for the Fabrication of Sintered Components

by Krzysztof Siedlecki, Marcin Słoma and Andrzej Skalski

Materials 2023, 16(23), 7268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237268 - 22 Nov 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1734

Abstract

Original compositions based on iron micro-powders and an organic binder mixture were developed for the fabrication of sintered metallic elements with micro-powder injection molding (µPIM) and material extrusion additive manufacturing of metal powders (MEX). The binder formulation was thoroughly adjusted to exhibit rheological [...] Read more.

Original compositions based on iron micro-powders and an organic binder mixture were developed for the fabrication of sintered metallic elements with micro-powder injection molding (µPIM) and material extrusion additive manufacturing of metal powders (MEX). The binder formulation was thoroughly adjusted to exhibit rheological and thermal properties suitable for µPIM and MEX. The focus was set on adapting the proper binder composition to meet the requirements for injection/extrusion and, at the same time, to have comparable thermogravimetric characteristics for the thermal debinding and sintering process. A basic analysis of the forming process indicates that the pressure has a low influence on clogging, while the temperature of the material and mold/nozzle impacts the viscosity of the composition significantly. The influence of the Fe micro-powder content in the range of 45–60 vol.% was evaluated against the injection/extrusion process parameters and properties of sintered elements. Different debinding and sintering processes (chemical and thermal) were evaluated for the optimal properties of the final samples. The obtained sintered elements were of high quality and showed minor signs of binder-related flaws, with shrinkage in the range of 10–15% for both the injection-molded and 3D printed parts. These results suggest that, with minor modifications, compositions tailored for the PIM technique can be adapted for the additive manufacturing of metal parts, achieving comparable characteristics of the parts obtained for both forming methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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30 pages, 3211 KiB

Open AccessReview

Natural Fiber Composite Filaments for Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review

by Irshad Ahamad Khilji, Chaitanya Reddy Chilakamarry, Athira Nair Surendran, Kunal Kate and Jagannadh Satyavolu

Sustainability 2023, 15(23), 16171; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316171 - 21 Nov 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5341

Abstract

This research explores the potential and significance of 3D printing natural fiber composite (NFC) materials. The primary objective is to investigate the mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties of NFC filaments, mainly focusing on biodegradable, renewable fibers such as jute, hemp, flax, and kenaf. [...] Read more.

This research explores the potential and significance of 3D printing natural fiber composite (NFC) materials. The primary objective is to investigate the mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties of NFC filaments, mainly focusing on biodegradable, renewable fibers such as jute, hemp, flax, and kenaf. In addition to studying the properties of NFCs, our research delves into the challenges associated with processing, including moisture absorption and fiber-matrix interfacial bonding. The novelty of this work lies in the convergence of traditional composite materials with the versatility of 3D printing technology. NFC filaments offer unique advantages in terms of sustainability, and we examine their potential contributions to the circular economy. By using eco-friendly NFC materials in 3D printing, we aim to present a viable, environmentally responsible alternative to conventional synthetic composites. The importance of 3D printing NFCs stems from the ways their use can align with sustainability goals. These materials provide the advantages of renewability, reduced carbon impact, and in some cases, biodegradability. Their applications extend to various industries, such as automotive, construction, and packaging, where eco-friendly materials are increasingly sought. Such applications showcase the ways in which NFC-based 3D printing can contribute to a more environmentally responsible and sustainable future. This research explores the mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties of NFC materials, highlighting their unique advantages for 3D printing and the potential to have eco-friendly applications in diverse industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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17 pages, 11683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of EDEM Simulation for Calculating and Optimizing a Closed Coal Fly Ash Screw Conveyor

by Van-Thien Tran, Ngoc-Tam Bui and Tuan-Anh Bui

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12169; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212169 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2930

Abstract

In contemporary bulk material transportation systems, closed screw conveyors have become prevalent. These conveyors, enclosed within troughs or cylindrical bodies, effectively mitigate environmental contamination and material toxicity during transit. Their hermetic design prevents material dispersion by wind, thereby minimizing losses and preserving the [...] Read more.

In contemporary bulk material transportation systems, closed screw conveyors have become prevalent. These conveyors, enclosed within troughs or cylindrical bodies, effectively mitigate environmental contamination and material toxicity during transit. Their hermetic design prevents material dispersion by wind, thereby minimizing losses and preserving the integrity of raw materials, particularly those with potential health implications such as urea and cement. Consequently, employing a screw conveyor constitutes a prudent safety measure. Despite the widespread use of screw conveyors, a comprehensive understanding of the behavior of material particles within these systems remains elusive and subject to discrepancies across various methodologies. Presently, a multitude of calculation methods and applications exist, resulting in disparities between theoretical computations and practical implementation. Drawing upon Alan W. Roberts’ meticulously devised calculation methodology, renowned for its precision, the authors have developed a swift computational tool utilizing VBA Excel software 2023. Additionally, EDEM simulation software was employed to model granular material behavior. The ensuing calculations guided the selection of optimized technical dimensions for the screw conveyor, which were then fabricated and subjected to real-world testing at the Vinh Tan thermal power plant. Remarkably, the achieved output capacity demonstrated a mere 7% deviation from calculations performed with the VBA program and a 2% variation from those conducted via EDEM simulation. Furthermore, a comprehensive graph depicting the relationship between screw conveyor speed and capacity has been provided, affording a means to finely tune throughput with exceptional accuracy along the production line. The results obtained provide the basis for the development of a device that meets the required capacity specifications accurately and precisely on the first attempt. This accomplishment satisfies stringent capacity standards without the need for any adjustments or modifications, all while ensuring minimal cost and time efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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9 pages, 2557 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Q-Tube-Assisted Green Sustainable Synthesis of Fused Azines: New Synthetic Opportunities via Innovative Green Technology

by Abeer Nasser Al-Romaizan, Salem M. Bawaked, Tamer S. Saleh and Mohamed Mokhtar M. Moustafa

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11864; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111864 - 30 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1939

Abstract

An efficient, economical, and green, sustainable synthesis of fused azines using Mg-Al hydrotalcite under a high-pressure Q-Tube reactor has been developed. This reaction proceeds through the aza-Michael addition of α,β-unsaturated ketone with different aminoazoles. This method offered excellent yields in a short reaction [...] Read more.

An efficient, economical, and green, sustainable synthesis of fused azines using Mg-Al hydrotalcite under a high-pressure Q-Tube reactor has been developed. This reaction proceeds through the aza-Michael addition of α,β-unsaturated ketone with different aminoazoles. This method offered excellent yields in a short reaction time that economically saved energy in addition to the protocol showing the reuse of the catalyst seven times without losing its catalytic activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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22 pages, 8805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Feasibility Study on the Lateral Behavior of a 3D-Printed Column for Application in a Wind Turbine Tower

by In-Hwan Yang, Quang-The Bui, Ji-Hun Park and Seung-Tae Jeong

Energies 2023, 16(20), 7218; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207218 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1581

Abstract

Although 3D printing technology has been applied worldwide, the problem of connecting a printed structure and a foundation has rarely been examined. In particular, loads in the horizontal direction, such as wind loads and earthquake loads, can significantly affect the stability of a [...] Read more.

Although 3D printing technology has been applied worldwide, the problem of connecting a printed structure and a foundation has rarely been examined. In particular, loads in the horizontal direction, such as wind loads and earthquake loads, can significantly affect the stability of a printed structure. Therefore, in this study, the effect of lateral loads on printed columns that were connected to a foundation by two types of connectors was investigated. A steel angle with bolts and couplers was used to connect the printed column to a concrete footing. In addition, two types of lateral reinforcement were applied to the printed column to enhance its bonding strength and shear resistance. The lateral reinforcements were attached to the interface of the printed layers at distances of 100 and 200 mm to investigate the effect of lateral reinforcement distance on the lateral behavior of the printed column. The results showed that the use of couplers as connections between the columns and foundation significantly improved the load capacity. Furthermore, the effects of the lateral reinforcement types and lateral reinforcement distances were assessed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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9 pages, 1814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as an Alternative Source of Silicon Dioxide in Sodium Silicate Synthesis

by Jesús A. Pérez-Casas, Antonio A. Zaldívar-Cadena, Anabel Álvarez-Mendez, Juan Jacobo Ruiz-Valdés, Salomé M. de la Parra-Arciniega, David C. López-Pérez and Astrid I. Sánchez-Vázquez

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186327 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1981

Abstract

To reduce the environmental impacts from sodium silicate synthesis, a ceramic method was suggested, with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as the source of silicon dioxide and sodium carbonate. Although the production of sodium silicate is carried out on a large scale, it should [...] Read more.

To reduce the environmental impacts from sodium silicate synthesis, a ceramic method was suggested, with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as the source of silicon dioxide and sodium carbonate. Although the production of sodium silicate is carried out on a large scale, it should be noted that its process requires temperatures above 1000 °C; it also requires the use of highly corrosive agents such as sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas to neutralize the remaining sodium hydroxide. In the present study, the synthesis temperatures were reduced to 800 °C with a reaction time of 3 h by pressing equimolar mixtures of previously purified SCBA and sodium carbonate; then, heat treatment was carried out under the indicated conditions. The resulting materials were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Among the crystalline phases, calcium disodium silicate was identified, in addition to sodium silicate; thus, it was inferred that the other components of the ash can interfere with the synthesis of silicate. Therefore, in order to obtain the highest composition of sodium silicate, a leaching treatment of the SCBA is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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19 pages, 6282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Biodegradable Polymeric Composites with the Addition of Waste

by Fernando Antonio da Silva Fernandes, Juan Carlos Valdés Serra, Dayriane do Socorro de Oliveira Costa and Camilo Andrés Guerrero Martin

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186305 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1531

Abstract

Several solutions have been presented to minimize the environmental impact generated by polymers produced from petroleum resources. This work produced a biopolymer using glycerol, starch (<5) and macaúba epicarp fiber (10–15–20–25–30%) as reinforcement. The interaction of glycerol with starch was favored by the [...] Read more.

Several solutions have been presented to minimize the environmental impact generated by polymers produced from petroleum resources. This work produced a biopolymer using glycerol, starch (<5) and macaúba epicarp fiber (10–15–20–25–30%) as reinforcement. The interaction of glycerol with starch was favored by the addition of acetic acid (CH₃COOH). The pH was adjusted with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at a concentration of 0.1 mol·L⁻¹. The characterization was carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared reflectance—FTIR, water solubility, biodegradability and technological properties. Through the results obtained in this work, it is observed that the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity are influenced by the addition of the fiber concentration; the sample that received a 30% addition presented 19.17 MPa and 348.12 MPa, respectively. All samples showed low solubility in water and low density, in addition to a high rate of degradability in soil with mass loss corresponding to 59% over a period of three months. The results of this investigation are satisfactory for the production of materials that can be used in everyday life, replacing conventional plastic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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14 pages, 822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioresources in the Formation of New-Generation Products

by Vladimir Kolesnik, Eva Shcherbenko and Ylia Valeeva

Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13830; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813830 - 17 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1386

Abstract

The development of new-generation products using the potential of Siberian bioresources is relevant in modern conditions. This process is aimed at protecting the health of people living in a polluted urban environment and the threat of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. The article highlights [...] Read more.

The development of new-generation products using the potential of Siberian bioresources is relevant in modern conditions. This process is aimed at protecting the health of people living in a polluted urban environment and the threat of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. The article highlights and describes the characteristic distinctive features of the beneficial properties of the wild flora of Siberia, presents the results of the research conducted by the authors, and provides an assessment of the state and potential of the natural resource base and bioresources of the ecosystem of the Siberian taiga. The study summarizes the current trends of the active part of the population of developed countries towards a healthy lifestyle, indicating an annual increase in demand for natural products. The article presents an analysis of scientific developments and their advantages over previously used methods of protection against infections in an indoor air pool. With the help of laboratory tests, the authors evaluated and justified the feasibility of a new proposed product created using bioresources of wild flora of Siberia which are valuable and useful for humans. It is established that the proposed scientific and technical solutions improve the quality of the products offered, stimulate the consumer to preserve health, and encourage reasonable environmental management. The production and implementation of the developed anti-aging products will contribute to the reduction of consumer race and improve the quality of life of the population of large cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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12 pages, 2555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of Bulk Density, Flow Property and Crystallinity of Microcrystalline Cellulose Prepared from Waste Cotton

by Sabiha Tasnim, Md. Fazlul Karim Tipu, Md. Sohel Rana, Md. Abdur Rahim, Mithila Haque, Md. Shah Amran, Abu Asad Chowdhury and Jakir Ahmed Chowdhury

Materials 2023, 16(16), 5664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165664 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2481

Abstract

The most affordable type of tablet is the immediately compressible tablet, which uses microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a popular pharmaceutical excipient, as a filler or binder. To make it compatible with different active drugs and excipients, we tried to change some physical properties of [...] Read more.

The most affordable type of tablet is the immediately compressible tablet, which uses microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a popular pharmaceutical excipient, as a filler or binder. To make it compatible with different active drugs and excipients, we tried to change some physical properties of the MCC. In the current study, we used a chelating agent to pretreat the waste cotton before pulping, bleaching, and finally, hydrochloric acid degradation with a concentration of 2N at 100 °C temperature for 20 min to prepare MCC. The prepared MCC was treated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide at room temperature or at −20 °C followed by precipitation with hydrochloric acid or ethanol with complete washing with distilled water till neutralization. Evaluation of the degree of polymerization (DP) and FT-IR spectrum confirm the identity of the microcrystalline cellulose. The DP was found to be 216. The bulk density of the unmodified MCC was 0.21 while that of modified MCC varied from 0.253 to 0.594. The modified MCC powder showed good flow properties compared to the unmodified MCC as evaluated by the Hausner index, Carr’s index and the angle of repose. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the MCC revealed that the rod shape has been changed to an oval shape due to treatment with sodium hydroxide at −20 °C. The X-ray crystallographic (XRD) analysis indicated that the unmodified MCC and standard MCC showed the crystallinity index (CrI) value of 86.82% and 87.63%, respectively, while the value ranges from 80.18% to 60.7% among the modified MCC powder. The differences in properties of the MCC might be due to the variation of rearrangement of the cellulose chain among the MCC particles due to treatment with different concentrations of a base at different temperatures and precipitation environments. This has enabled us to prepare MCC with different properties which might be compatible with different drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Sustainable Materials and Products)

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