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10.3390/ma17081901
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Article

Polyhydroxy-3-Butyrate (PHB)-Based Composite Materials Reinforced with Cellulosic Fibers, Obtained from Barley Waste Straw, to Produce Pieces for Agriculture Applications: Production, Characterization and Scale-Up Analysis

by
Helena Oliver-Ortega
1,2,
Philippe Evon
3,
Francesc Xavier Espinach
4,
Christine Raynaud
5 and
José Alberto Méndez
4,*
1
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 1, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
2
Institut d’Investigació Tèxtil i Cooperació Industrial de Terrassa (INTEXTER), Colom 15, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
3
Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, ENSIACET (École Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs en Arts Chimiques et Technologique), INRAE, Toulouse INP, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
4
LEPAMAP-PRODIS Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
5
Centre d’Application et de Traitement des Agroressources (CATAR), Toulouse-INP, ENSIACET, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2024, 17(8), 1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081901
Submission received: 15 March 2024 / Revised: 10 April 2024 / Accepted: 17 April 2024 / Published: 19 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Bio-Based Particleboards and Fiberboards)
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Abstract

Cellulosic fibers obtained from Barley straw were utilized to reinforce PHB. Four different processed fibers were employed as reinforcing material: sawdust (SW), defibered (DFBF), delignified (DBF), and bleached (BBF) fibers. The composite was processed from two different perspectives: a discontinuous (bach) and an intensification process (extrusion). Once processed and transformed into final shape specimens, the materials were characterized by mechanical testing (tensile mode), scanning electron microscopy, and theoretical simulations by finite elements analysis (FEA). In terms of mechanical properties, only the elastic moduli (Et) exhibited results ranging from 37% to 170%, depending on the reinforcement composition. Conversely, strengths at break, under both tensile and bending tests, tended to decrease, indicating poor affinity between the components. Due to the mechanical treatment applied on the fiber, DFBF emerged as the most promising filler, with mechanical properties closest to those of neat PHB. DFBF-based composites were subsequently produced through process intensification using a twin-screw extruder, and molded into flowerpots. Mechanical results showed almost identical properties between the discontinuous and intensification processes. The suitability of the material for agriculture flowerpots was demonstrated through finite analysis simulation (FEA), which revealed that the maximum von Mises stresses (5.38 × 105 N/m2) and deformations (0.048 mm) were well below the limits of the composite materials.
Keywords: biocomposite; twin-screw extrusion; injection; computational modelling biocomposite; twin-screw extrusion; injection; computational modelling

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MDPI and ACS Style

Oliver-Ortega, H.; Evon, P.; Espinach, F.X.; Raynaud, C.; Méndez, J.A. Polyhydroxy-3-Butyrate (PHB)-Based Composite Materials Reinforced with Cellulosic Fibers, Obtained from Barley Waste Straw, to Produce Pieces for Agriculture Applications: Production, Characterization and Scale-Up Analysis. Materials 2024, 17, 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081901

AMA Style

Oliver-Ortega H, Evon P, Espinach FX, Raynaud C, Méndez JA. Polyhydroxy-3-Butyrate (PHB)-Based Composite Materials Reinforced with Cellulosic Fibers, Obtained from Barley Waste Straw, to Produce Pieces for Agriculture Applications: Production, Characterization and Scale-Up Analysis. Materials. 2024; 17(8):1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081901

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oliver-Ortega, Helena, Philippe Evon, Francesc Xavier Espinach, Christine Raynaud, and José Alberto Méndez. 2024. "Polyhydroxy-3-Butyrate (PHB)-Based Composite Materials Reinforced with Cellulosic Fibers, Obtained from Barley Waste Straw, to Produce Pieces for Agriculture Applications: Production, Characterization and Scale-Up Analysis" Materials 17, no. 8: 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081901

APA Style

Oliver-Ortega, H., Evon, P., Espinach, F. X., Raynaud, C., & Méndez, J. A. (2024). Polyhydroxy-3-Butyrate (PHB)-Based Composite Materials Reinforced with Cellulosic Fibers, Obtained from Barley Waste Straw, to Produce Pieces for Agriculture Applications: Production, Characterization and Scale-Up Analysis. Materials, 17(8), 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081901

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