High-Performance Nanoscale Metallic Multilayer Composites: Techniques, Mechanical Properties and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Motivation
2. Synthesis Methods
2.1. Physical Vapor Deposition
- I.
- Thermal Evaporation: in this method, a solid metal source is heated to its evaporation temperature, and the resultant vapor condenses to create a thin film on a substrate. The substrate can be rotated or tilted during deposition to achieve uniform layer thicknesses [44];
- II.
- Electron beam evaporation: similar to thermal evaporation, this method uses an electron beam to heat the metal source and create a vapor that condenses onto the substrate. Electron beam evaporation enables accurate control over deposition rates and enables the fabrication of complex multilayer structures [45,46];
- III.
- Sputtering: sputtering is the process of ejecting atoms or molecules from a target surface by ionizing a target material with high energy. These ejected particles then deposit on a substrate placed in close proximity to the target [47]. Magnetron sputtering is commonly used for fabricating metallic multilayer composites, due to its high deposition rates and ability to control film composition [48], as shown in Figure 3a.
- IV.
- Ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD): IBAD combines ion beam bombardment with traditional PVD techniques. The ion beam assists in controlling film growth by enhancing adatom mobility on the substrate surface, resulting in improved film quality and reduced defects [49,50]. In one study, Li et al. [51] produced heterogeneous multi-nanolayer metallic architectures by means of magnetron sputtering. This hybrid multilayered material is composed of alternating Cu/Zr bilayers, 10 nm and 100 nm thick. Using the intrinsic strength, thickness, and strain hardening of the layers, it deforms compatibly under both stress and strain; this effect is known as synergetic deformation. Figure 3b,c shows the schematic architecture and microstructure of the hybrid Cu/Zr multi-nanolayer metallic architecture. Significant synergistic strengthening was induced by the achieved compatible deformation, i.e., with a total strength of 1.69 GPa, in comparison to the calculated results from the rule of mixtures (ROM), reaching 768 MPa (an 83% increase).
2.2. Electrodeposition
2.3. Chemical Vapor Deposition
2.4. Accumulative Roll Bonding
2.5. Atomic Layer Deposition
2.6. Other Fabrication Techniques
3. Mechanical Properties
- I.
- Yield strength and hardness: due to the additional solid solution strengthening contribution in the BCC layer, the hardness and yield strength of NMMCs are higher than those of pure element FCC/BCC multilayers [5];
- II.
- Ductility: the ductility of NMMCs is generally lower than that of bulk materials [21];
- III.
- Fracture toughness: the fracture toughness of NMMCs is length-scale dependent, and phase transformation can enhance toughening [21];
- IV.
- V.
- Radiation-induced embrittlement: NMMs have been found to exhibit enhanced radiation damage resistance [88]
- VI.
- Plasticity instability: NMMs can exhibit plasticity localization and shear banding behavior [89].
3.1. Strength and Hardness Enhancement
3.2. Ductility Improvement
3.3. Fatigue Resistance and Fracture Toughness
3.4. Plasticity Instability
3.5. Radiation-Induced Embrittlement
4. Applications
4.1. Aerospace Industry
4.2. Thermal Management Systems
- I.
- II.
- Electronic devices: electronic equipment and powerful electrical systems are frequently cooled with heat sinks. Metal matrix composites can be used as reinforcements in heat sinks to improve their thermal conductivity [133]. Graphite and carbon nanofillers can also be used to improve the thermal performance of phase-change materials (PCMs) used in thermal management systems for electronic devices [134]. In this regard, Figure 16 shows the design of the CPU system and heat sink module [135]. The integrated heat spreader in this high-performance processor system is soldered or adhered to the chip using thermal interface material. A thermal interface material is used by the heat spreader to distribute heat from the chip to a larger area heat sink.
- III.
- Satellite avionics: for satellite avionics and electronic components that are becoming more compact and powerful, thermal management systems are crucial. Metallic pin-fin geometries can be used to boost the thermal management performance of PCM-based modules [134]. Multilayer metallic composites at the nanoscale can also be used for thermal management in various systems and niche applications. Figure 16 shows the advanced thermal interface materials for high-power electronics applications with improved heat dissipation [136].
4.3. Automotive Industry
4.4. Electronics Industry
- I.
- Printable stretchable electronics: liquid metal-based nanocomposites have been developed for printable stretchable electronics, which have potential applications in wearable devices and soft robotics [142];
- II.
- Embedded passives and interconnects: nanomaterials have been explored for use in embedded passives and interconnects, which can improve the performance and reliability of electronic devices [149];
- III.
- Sensors: NMMCs have been explored for use in sensors, such as gas sensors and biosensors, owing to their special qualities, which include sensitivity and a large surface area [12];
- IV.
- Transistors: NMMCs have been explored for use in transistors, which can improve the performance and efficiency of electronic devices [12];
- V.
- Memory devices: NMMCs have been explored for use in memory devices, such as resistive random access memory (RRAM), which can improve the storage capacity and speed of electronic devices [12].
4.5. Energy Storage Devices
- I.
- II.
- Batteries: HPNMMCs can also be used in batteries, including lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and potassium-ion batteries [156];
- III.
- Flexible energy storage devices: transition-metal chalcogenide nanostructures, including nanocrystals and thin films, are promising for flexible supercapacitors [156]. In this regard, Figure 20 shows some examples of energy storage applications of HPNMMCs, including (i) metal oxide nanoparticles fabricated from bulk metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) (Co-based MOF, Co(mIM)2 (mIM = 2-methylimidazole) with supercapacitor applications (Figure 20a) [154] and (ii) 2D/2D nanocomposite based on graphene oxide-supported layered double hydroxides and MXenes with numerous energy storage applications (Figure 20b) [153].
4.6. Biomedical Engineering
- I.
- Medical implants: metallic materials, including NMMCs, are used in the development of medical implants, due to their excellent physical and mechanical properties. These composites can be used to develop implants that are strong, durable, and biocompatible [157];
- II.
- Drug delivery: metallic nanomaterials, including NMMCs, can be used for drug delivery in biomedical applications. These composites can be designed to release drugs in a controlled manner, which can improve the effectiveness of the treatment [158];
- III.
- Biosensors: NMMCs can be used in the development of biosensors for the diagnosis of diseases [159]. These composites can be designed to detect specific biomolecules, which can help in the early detection of diseases;
- IV.
- Therapeutics for radiotherapy: metallic nanomaterials, including NMMCs, can be used in the development of therapeutics for radiotherapy [158]. These composites can be designed to selectively target cancer cells, which can improve the effectiveness of the treatment;
- V.
- Tissue engineering: NMMCs can be used to develop scaffolds for tissue engineering, as they can mimic the structure and mechanical properties of natural tissues [160].
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Future Perspectives
- I.
- Enhanced Mechanical Properties: One of the key areas for future development is the improvement of mechanical properties in MMCs. Researchers can focus on optimizing the layer thickness, composition, and interface design, to achieve superior strength, hardness, and toughness. By tailoring these parameters at the nanoscale level, it is possible to create NMMCs with unprecedented mechanical properties;
- II.
- Multifunctional applications: NMMCs have already found applications in various fields, such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and energy sectors. However, there is still immense potential for exploring new multifunctional applications. For instance, researchers can investigate the integration of NMMCs into biomedical devices or wearable electronics to enhance their performance and durability;
- III.
- Environmental sustainability: as the world moves towards a more sustainable future, it is crucial to consider the environmental impact of materials used in various industries. Future research can focus on developing environmentally friendly synthesis methods for NMMCs that minimize waste generation and energy consumption. Additionally, exploring the recyclability and reusability aspects of NMMCs will be essential for their long-term sustainability;
- IV.
- Advanced manufacturing techniques: the development of advanced manufacturing techniques will play a significant role in realizing the full potential of MMCs. Additive manufacturing (3D printing) offers exciting possibilities for fabricating complex geometries with precise control over material composition and microstructure. Further advancements in this area can enable rapid prototyping and customization of NMMC components;
- V.
- Computational modeling and simulation: with the increasing complexity of NMMC structures at the nanoscale level, computational modeling and simulation techniques will become indispensable tools for understanding their behavior under different loading conditions. Future research should focus on developing accurate models that can predict mechanical properties and failure mechanisms in NMMCs with high fidelity;
- VI.
- Integration with other materials: combining NMMCs with other advanced materials, such as polymers and ceramics, can lead to synergistic effects and open up new avenues for applications. Future studies should explore hybrid material systems that leverage the unique properties of each constituent material to achieve enhanced performance across multiple domains
- VII.
- Scale-up Challenges: while significant progress has been made in synthesizing nanoscale metallic multilayer composites at laboratory scales, scaling up production remains a challenge. Future research should address issues related to large-scale synthesis techniques while maintaining control over microstructure and mechanical properties.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ebrahimi, M.; Luo, B.; Wang, Q.; Attarilar, S. High-Performance Nanoscale Metallic Multilayer Composites: Techniques, Mechanical Properties and Applications. Materials 2024, 17, 2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092124
Ebrahimi M, Luo B, Wang Q, Attarilar S. High-Performance Nanoscale Metallic Multilayer Composites: Techniques, Mechanical Properties and Applications. Materials. 2024; 17(9):2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092124
Chicago/Turabian StyleEbrahimi, Mahmoud, Bangcai Luo, Qudong Wang, and Shokouh Attarilar. 2024. "High-Performance Nanoscale Metallic Multilayer Composites: Techniques, Mechanical Properties and Applications" Materials 17, no. 9: 2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092124