Structural Polymer-Based Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers: Understanding the Processing–Structure–Performance Relationship
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Classification of Fibers | Fiber type | Strength (GPa) | Modulus (GPa) | Strain (%) | References |
Textile Fibers | Polyamide | 0.91 | 9.57 | 37 | [3] |
Polyesters | 0.7 to 0.9 | 12 to 17 | 7 to 37 | [4] | |
Vinyl Fibers | 0.3 to 0.66 | ~4.5 to 7.5 | <40 | [4,5] | |
Elastomers | 0.004 to 0.009 | 0.01 to 0.03 | >500 | [5] | |
High-Performance Fibers | Spectra® | 2.5 to 3.6 | 97 to 133 | 2.8 to 4.5 | [5] |
Dyneema® | 3.4 | 113 | 3.5 | [5] | |
Kevlar® | 1.44 to 3.6 | 62 to 190 | 1 to 4.4 | [3] | |
Zylon® | 4.2 | 280 | 2.5 | [3] | |
M5 | up to 9 | 330 to 350 | 1.2 to 1.5 | [3,4] | |
PAN-based carbon fibers | 2.5 to 3.8 | 227 to 405 | 0.8 to 1.76 | [3,4] |
References | Sample (polymer + wt % CNT) | Mechanical properties | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elastic modulus [GPa] | Strength [GPa] | Strain [%] | Toughness | ||
[35,36] | Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) + >60 wt % SWNT | 9 to 15 | 0.15 | ~3 | – |
PVA + ~60 wt % SWNT | 80 | 1.8 | >100 | 570 J·g−1 | |
[37] | PVA + ~60 wt % SWNT | 40 | 0.3 | >400 | 600 J·g−1 |
[38] | Commercial PVA fiber | 40 | 1.6 | 7 | – |
PVA + >60 wt % SWNT | 78 | 1.8 | ~40 | 120 ± 152 J·g−1 | |
[39] | PVA + 2–31 wt % SWNT | Up to 244 | Up to 2.9 | ~3–10 | – |
[40] | PVA | 21.8 ± 3.0 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 11.4 ± 1.7 | 55.8 ± 12.3 J·g−1 |
PVA + 10 wt % SWNT | 36.3 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 10.7 ± 0.7 | 101.4 ± 11.4 J·g−1 | |
PVA + 10 wt % SWNT | 119.1 ± 8.6 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 9.7 ± 1.1 | 171.6 ± 30.4 J·g−1 | |
[41] | PVA | ~13 | ~0.4 | ~15 | – |
PVA + 1 wt % SWNT | ~17.5 | ~1.2 | ~17.5 | – | |
[42] | PVA | 45 ± 7 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 22 ± 4 J·g−1 |
PVA + 1 wt % SWNT | 60 ± 6 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 29 ± 6 J·g−1 | |
PVA | 48 ± 3 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 6.5 ± 1.4 | 40 ± 6 J·g−1 | |
PVA + 1 wt % SWNT | 71 ± 6 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 59 ± 7 J·g−1 | |
[43] | Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) | 22.1 ± 1.2 | 0.90 ± 0.18 | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 35 ± 9 MPa |
PAN + 0.5 wt % SWNT | 25.5 ± 0.8 | 1.06 ± 0.14 | 7.2 ± 0.6 | 41 ± 8 MPa | |
PAN + 1 wt % SWNT | 28.7 ± 2.7 | 1.07 ± 0.14 | 6.8 ± 0.8 | 39 ± 8 MPa | |
[44,45] | Carbonized PAN | 302 ± 32 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 0.68 ± 0.04 | – |
Carbonized PAN + 1 wt % SWNT | 450 ± 49 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 0.72 ± 0.05 | – | |
[46] | Poly(p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO) | 138 ± 20 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | − |
PBO+>60 wt % SWNT | 167 ± 15 | 4.2 ± 0.5 (~50% increase) | 2.8 ± 0.3 | − | |
[47] | Polypropylene (PP) | 6.3 | 0.71 | 18.9 | 7.93 dN/tex |
PP + 0.5 wt % SWNT | 9.3 | 0.84 | 19.1 | 9.37 dN/tex | |
PP + 1 wt % SWNT | 9.8 | 1.03 | 26.6 | 11.5 dN/tex | |
[48] | Nylon 6 | 0.44 | 0.045 | − | − |
Nylon 6 + 0.1 wt % SWNT | 0.54 | 0.086 | − | − | |
Nylon 6 + 0.2 wt % SWNT | 0.66 | 0.093 | − | − | |
Nylon 6 + 0.5 wt % SWNT | 0.84 | 0.083 | − | − | |
Nylon 6 + 1.0 wt % SWNT | 1.15 | 0.083 | − | − | |
Nylon 6 + 1.5 wt % SWNT | 1.2 | 0.075 | − | − | |
[49] | Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) | 2.42 ± 0.40 | 0.11 ± 0.002 | 402.0 ± 20.1 | 361.8 ± 22.9 MPa |
UHMWPE + 5 wt % MWNT | 2.62 ± 0.32 | 0.13 ± 0.004 | 540.4 ± 104.7 | 593.2 ± 114.5 MPa | |
UHMWPE | 122.6 ± 1.9 | 3.51 ± 0.13 | 4.03 ± 0.15 | 76.7 ± 7.5 MPa | |
UHMWPE + 5 wt % MWNT | 136.8 ± 3.8 | 4.17 ± 0.04 | 4.65 ± 0.35 | 110.6 ± 10.5 MPa |
2. General Fabrication Procedures for Polymer/CNT Fibers
3. Micro-Structural Development in Polymer/CNT Fibers
3.1. CNT Structure and Dispersion
3.2. Interfacial Development in Polymer/CNT Fibers
3.3. Orientation and Alignment Effects
Parameters | E1 (GPa) | E2 (GPa) | ν | G12 (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
SWNT | ||||
20 nm bundle | 1000 | 15 | 0.17 | 0.7 |
9 nm bundle | 1000 | 15 | 0.17 | 2.3 |
<4.5 nm bundle | 1 000 | 15 | 0.17 | 6 |
Polymers | ||||
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) | 255 | 9 | 0.338 | 1 |
Polyethylene (PE) | 240 | 4.3 | 0.46 | 1 |
Poly(tetra fluoroethylene) (PTFE) | 156 | 5 | 0.46 | 1 |
Polypropylene (PP) | 42 | 2.9 | 0.45 | 1 |
4. Prospects and Challenges for Processing Polymer/CNT Composites with Controlled Structural Development
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Song, K.; Zhang, Y.; Meng, J.; Green, E.C.; Tajaddod, N.; Li, H.; Minus, M.L. Structural Polymer-Based Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers: Understanding the Processing–Structure–Performance Relationship. Materials 2013, 6, 2543-2577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6062543
Song K, Zhang Y, Meng J, Green EC, Tajaddod N, Li H, Minus ML. Structural Polymer-Based Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers: Understanding the Processing–Structure–Performance Relationship. Materials. 2013; 6(6):2543-2577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6062543
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Kenan, Yiying Zhang, Jiangsha Meng, Emily C. Green, Navid Tajaddod, Heng Li, and Marilyn L. Minus. 2013. "Structural Polymer-Based Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers: Understanding the Processing–Structure–Performance Relationship" Materials 6, no. 6: 2543-2577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6062543