Persistent Luminescence in Non-Eu2+-Doped Compounds: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Known Compounds
2.1. Silicates
Host material | Activators | Emission maximum (nm) | Afterglow emission | Afterglow duration | refrence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca2Al2SiO7 | Ce3+ | 400–417 (blue) | identical | >1 h | [21,22,2324] |
Ce3+ >> Mn2+ | 550 (yellow) | identical | >10 h | [25] | |
Ca0.5Sr1.5Al2SiO7 | Ce3+ > Tb3+ | 386, 483 + 542 + 591 (white) | bluish white | >1 min | [26] |
Sr2Al2SiO7 | Ce3+ | 400 (near UV) | identical | (>2 min) | [27] |
Ce3+ > Dy3+ | 408, 491 + 573 (white) | (identical) | ~1 h | [28] | |
Ce3+ > Tb3+ | 410, 482 + 543 + 588 (white) | (identical) | (>1 min) | [29] | |
CaAl2Si2O8 | Eu2+ > Mn2+ | 418, 580 (blue) | identical | >1 h | [30] |
Mn2+ | ? | ? | ~20 min | [31] | |
CaMgSi2O6 | Dy3+ | 480 + 575 + 667 (white) | identical | ~2 h | [32] |
Eu2+ > Mn2+ | 450, 580 + 680 (?) | identical | (~30 min) | [33] | |
Mn2+ | 580 + 680 (red) | 680 nm (red) | >1 h | [12,33,34,35,36] | |
SrMgSi2O6 | Dy3+ | 455, 576 (blue) | identical | >5 min | [37] |
Mn2+ | 455, 612 (pink) | (identical) | (~15 min) | [37] | |
BaMg2Si2O7 | Ce3+ > Mn2+ | 408, 680 (red) | (identical) | >2 h | [38] |
Eu2+ > Mn2+ | 400, 630–680 (reddish) | (identical) | >2 min | [39,40,41] | |
Mn2+ | 630–680 nm (red) | (identical) | >30 min | [38,42] | |
Ca2MgSi2O7 | Dy3+ | 480 + 575 + 667 (white) | identical | >3 h | [32,43] |
Sr2MgSi2O7 | Dy3+ | 441, 480 + 575 + 668 (white) | only Dy3+ | ~40 min | [44] |
Ca3MgSi2O8 | Dy3+ | 480 + 575 + 667 (white) | identical | >5 min | [32] |
Sr3MgSi2O8 | Eu2+ > Mn2+ | 457, 670 (?) | identical | >2 h | [45] |
SrMgAl2SiO7 | Ce3+ | 402 (near UV) | (identical) | >2 min | [27] |
Ca3SnSi2O9 | defects | 426 (blue) | (identical) | (~10 min) | [46] |
Dy3+ | 426, 484 + 572 + 670 (white) | (identical) | (~10 min) | [46,47] | |
Pr3+ | 426, 488 (greenish) | (identical) | (~10 min) | [46] | |
Sm3+ | 426, 565 + 600 + 650 (red) | (identical) | (~10 min) | [46] | |
Tb3+ | 426, 495 + 542 + 590 (green) | (identical) | (~10 min) | [46] | |
Ca0.2Zn0.9Mg0.9Si2O6 | Eu2+ >> Mn2+ | 450, 580 + 680 (near IR) | identical | ~1 h | [3,48] |
CdSiO3 | intrinsic/STE | 380 + 467 + 560 (?) | ~420 (blue) | ~5 h | [19,20] |
Dy3+ | 410, 486 + 580 (white) | (identical) | >5 h | [49,50] | |
Eu3+, Mn2+ | 587, 610 (orange) | (identical) | >1 h | [51] | |
Mn2+ | 575–587 (orange) | identical | ~1–5 h | [52,53,54,55] | |
Mn2+, Tb3+ | 486 + 548, 587 (orange) | (identical) | >1 h | [56] | |
Pb2+ | 498 (green) | identical | >2 h | [57] | |
STE > Dy3+ | 420, 480 + 575 (white) | identical | ~5 h | [20] | |
STE > Eu3+ | 420, 615 (red) | identical | ~5 h | [20] | |
STE > Pr3+ | 420, 600 (red) | identical | ~5 h | [20,58] | |
STE > Sm3+ | 420, 565 + 600 (pink) | identical | ~5 h | [20,59] | |
STE > Tb3+ | 420, 485 + 540 (green) | identical | ~5 h | [20] | |
Tb3+ | 495 + 545 + 590 (green) | identical | ? | [60] | |
Lu2SiO5 | Ce3+ | 400 + 430 (blue) | (identical) | >3 h | [61,62] |
MgSiO3 | Eu2+ >> Mn2+ | (456), 660–665 (?) | 665 (red) | ~4 h | [25,63] |
Mg2SiO4 | Mn2+ | 650 (red) | (identical) | ~20 min | [64] |
SrSiO3 | Dy3+ | 480 + 572 + 664 (white) | identical | ~1 h | [65] |
Sr2SiO4 | Dy3+ | 480 + 575 + 665 (white) | identical | >1 h | [66] |
Sr2ZnSi2O7 | Eu3+ | 617 (red) | identical | >20 s | [67] |
Zn2SiO4 | Mn2+ | ? (green) | ? | (>5 min) | [68,69] |
BaZrSi3O9 | intrinsic/Ti4+ | 460–470 (blue) | identical | >20 s | [70,71] |
2.2. Other Oxides
Host material | Activators | Emission maximum (nm) | Afterglow emission | Afterglow duration | reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BaAl2O4 | Ce3+ | 402 + 450 (blue) | (identical) | >10 h | [74] |
CaAl2O4 | Ce3+ | 400 (blue) | ~413 | >10 h | [75,76,77] |
Ce3+ >> Mn2+ | 525 (green) | (identical) | >10 h | [25] | |
Ce3+ >> Tb3+ | 543 (green) | identical | >10 h | [75,76] | |
Dy3+ | 477 + 491 + 577 + 668 (white) | identical | >30 min | [78] | |
Eu2+ > Mn2+ | 440, 545 (green) | ~440 (violet) | (>3 h) | [79] | |
Tb3+ | 493 + 543 + 590 + 621 (green) | identical | ~1 h | [75,80] | |
MgAl2O4 | defects | 520 (green) | identical | ~1 h | [81] |
Cr3+ | 260, 520, 710 (?) | 520, 710 (?) | (>2 h) | [82] | |
Tb3+ | ? | ? | ~1 h | [83] | |
SrAl2O4 | Ce3+ | 375–385 + 427 (blue) | only 385 | >10 h | [84,85,86] |
Ce3+ > Mn2+ | 375, 515 (green) | identical | (~5 h) | [86] | |
Eu2+ > Er3+ | 525, 1530 (green/NIR) | mainly 525 | ~10 min | [87] | |
Eu2+ > Nd3+ | 515, 882 (green/NIR) | mainly 515 | >15 min | [88] | |
CaAl4O7 | Ce3+ | 325, 420 (blue) | only 420 | >10 h | [84] |
Sr4Al14O25 | Ce3+ | 472 + 511 (blue/green) | (identical) | ~10 min | [89] |
Eu2+ > Cr3+ | 490, 693 (blue/red) | mainly 490 | >2 h | [90,91,92] | |
Tb3+ | 542 (green) | ~380 (blue) | ? | [93] | |
Y3Al5O12 | Ce3+ | 525 (yellow) | identical | ~2 min | [94,95] |
Mn2+ | 580 (yellow-orange) | 585 (orange) | ~18 min | [96] | |
intrinsic, Pr3+ | 300–460, 490 + 610 | 380, 490 + 610 | ? | [97] | |
CaYAl3O7 | Ce3+ | 425 (blue) | (identical) | ~min | [21] |
CaO | Eu3+ | 594 + 616 (red) | (orange) | >2 h | [98,99] |
Tb3+ | 550 (green) | (identical) | ? | [100] | |
Ga2O3 | Cr3+ | 720 (near IR) | identical | >4 h | [101] |
HfO2 | intrinsic | 480 (bluish white) | identical | >1 min | [102,103] |
Lu2O3 | Eu3+ | 611 (red) | 583 + 594 + 611 | >3 min | [104] |
Tb3+ | 490 + 550 (green) | identical | ~5–7 h | [105,106,107,108] | |
SnO2 | Sm3+ | 567 + 607 + 625 (red) | identical | ~40 min | [109] |
SrO | Eu3+ | 594 + 616 (orange) | identical | >1 h | [99] |
Pb2+ | 390 (violet) | identical | >1 h | [99] | |
Tb3+ | 543 (green) | (identical) | ? | [100] | |
Y2O3 | Eu3+ | 612 (red) | (identical) | ~90 min | [110,111] |
(Zn,Mg)O | unknown | 520 (orange) | (identical) | ~10 min | [112,113] |
ZrO2 | Sm3+ | 570 + 614 (red) | (identical) | ~15 min | [114] |
Ti4+ (?) | (353+) 470–500 (blue) | only 470–500 | ~1 h | [115,116,117,118,119] | |
Ba2SnO4 | Sm3+ | 580 + 611 + 623 (red) | (identical) | ~20 min | [120,121] |
Ca2SnO4 | Eu3+ | 585 + 618 + 633 (red) | (identical) | ~50 min | [122,123] |
STE | 410 + 466 (blue) | (identical) | ~3 h | [122] | |
STE >> Eu3+ | 585 + 618 + 633 (red) | (identical) | ~100 min | [122] | |
Sm3+ | 566 + 609 + 653 (red) | identical | >1–7 h | [120,124,125,126] | |
Tb3+ | 435, 483 + 545 (blue/green) | 483+545 (green) | ~3 h | [127] | |
Mg2SnO4 | intrinsic | 490–495 (green) | identical | ~5 h | [128,129,130] |
Mn2+ | 500 (green) | identical | >5 h | [131] | |
Sr2SnO4 | Sb3+ | 550 (yellowish white) | identical | >2 min | [132] |
Sm3+ | 582 + 624 + 672 (red) | identical | >1 h | [120,133,134,135] | |
Tb3+ | 542 (green) | (identical) | ~8 min | [136] | |
CaSnO3 | Pr3+ | 488 + 541 + 620 + 653 (white) | identical | >3 h | [137] |
Sm3+ | 566 + 601 + 649 + 716 (red) | (identical) | ? | [138] | |
Tb3+ | 491 + 545 + 588 + 622 (green) | identical | ~4 h | [137,139,140] | |
Sr3Sn2O7 | Sm3+ | 580 + 621 + 665 + 735 (red) | identical | >1 h | [141] |
Ca9Gd(PO4)7 | Mn2+ | 602 + 628, 660 (red) | only 660 (red) | (>20 min) | [142] |
Ca9Lu(PO4)7 | Mn2+ | 660 (red) | identical | (>20 min) | [142] |
Ca9Tb(PO4)7 | Tb3+ | 490 + 545 (green) | (identical) | (>20 min) | [142] |
Ca3(PO4)2 | Mn2+ | 645–660 (red) | identical | ~1 h | [143,144] |
SrMg2(PO4)2 | Eu3+, Zr4+ | 500, 588(white) | (identical) | ~1.5 h | [145] |
SrZn2(PO4)2 | Eu2+ > Mn2+ | 421, 547 (white) | (identical) | ~1 min | [146] |
Mn2+ | 547 (green) | (identical) | ~1 min | [146] | |
Zn3(PO4)2 | Hf4+ | 470 (blue) | identical | >40 min | [147] |
Mn2+ | 616 (red) | identical | >2 h | [148,149,151] | |
Mn2+, Zr4− | 475, 616 (blue/red) | mainly 616 | ~3 h | [152] | |
YPO4 | Pr3+ | 600 + 620 (orange/red) | (identical) | >30 min | [153] |
Ca0.8Mg0.2TiO3 | Pr3+ | 613 (red) | (identical) | ? | [154] |
CaTiO3 | Pr3+ | 612 (red) | identical | >2 h | [155–159] |
(Ca,Zn)TiO3 | Pr3+ | 612 (red) | (identical) | ~20 min | [160–162] |
Ca2Zn4Ti16O38 | Pr3+ | 614 + 644 (red) | mainly 614 | ? | [163,164] |
La2Ti2O7 | Pr3+ | 611 (red) | identical | >1 h | [165] |
Gd3Ga5O12 | Cr3+ | 697 + 716 (red) | (identical) | ? | [166,167] |
MgGa2O4 | Mn2+ | 506 (green) | (identical) | ? | [168] |
LiGa5O8 | Cr3+ | 716 (near IR) | identical | >1000 h | [18] |
ZnGa2O4 | defects | 410 + 540 (white) | identical | ~40 min | [169] |
Cr3+ | 650–750 (red) | identical | >1 h | [72,73] | |
Mn2+ | 504 (green) | (identical) | >15 min | [170] | |
(Zn,Mg)Ga2O4 | Mn2+ | 505 (green) | (identical) | >15 min | [170] |
Cd2Ge7O16 | Mn2+ | 585 (orange) | identical | >3 h | [171] |
Pb2+ | 352 + 497 (blue) | only 497 | ~10 min | [172] | |
MgGeO3 | Mn2+ | 650–670 (red) | identical | ~30 min | [173,174] |
Zn2GeO4 | Mn2+ | 528 (green) | (identical) | >2 h | [175] |
CaZnGe2O6 | Dy3+ | (white) | (identical) | >3 h | [176] |
Mn2+ | 648 (red) | identical | >3 h | [177] | |
Tb3+ | 488 + 552 + 583 + 622 (green) | identical | ~4 h | [178,179] | |
Cd3Al2Ge3O12 | intrinsic > Dy3+ | 437, 485 + 580 (?) | (identical) | ~1 h | [180] |
La3Ga5GeO14 | Cr3+ | 785, 960–1030 (near IR) | only 960–1030 | >1–8 h | [181,182] |
Zn3Ga2Ge2O10 | Cr3+ | 696 + 713 (near IR) | identical | >360 h | [2,73] |
CaMoO4 | Eu3+ | 616 (red) | identical | >5 min | [183] |
NaNbO3 | Pr3+ | 620 (red) | identical | ? | [184] |
YTaO4 | Tb3+ | 492 + 543 + 590 + 624 (green) | (identical) | ~2 h | [185] |
CaWO4 | intrinsic > Pr3+ | 415, 490 + 650 (blue/white) | identical | >10 min | [186] |
Eu3+ | 592 + 616 (red) | identical | ~40 min | [187,188,189] | |
Sm3+ >> Eu3+ | 592 + 616 (red) | (identical) | >35 min | [190] | |
Tb3+ | 490 + 546 (green) | identical | (>10 min) | [191] | |
BaZrO3 | defects (FA) | 408 (blue) | identical | ~30 min | [192] |
Eu3+ | 574 + 596 + 614 (red) | (identical) | (~10 min) | [192] | |
Ti >> Eu3+ | 574 + 596 + 614 (red) | (identical) | (~10 min) | [193] |
2.3. Other Compounds
Host material | Activators | Emission maximum (nm) | Afterglow emission | Afterglow duration | reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BaS | Cu+ | 610 (orange) | (identical) | >30 min | [195] |
CaS | Bi3+ | 448 (blue) | (identical) | (~20 min) | [8,197,198,199] |
Ce3+ | 508 + 568 (green) | (identical) | ~5 min | [200] | |
Sm3+ | 569 (green) | ? | (~3 h) | [201] | |
(Ca,Sr)S | Bi3+ | 453 (blue) | (identical) | (>15 min) | [202] |
SrS | defects | 517 (green) | (identical) | (~20 min) | [203] |
ZnS | Cu+ | 530 (green) | (identical) | (>3 h) | [16,69,204,205] |
Gd2O2S | Ti3+/defects | 590 (orange) | identical | ~2 h | [206,207] |
Ti3+ > Er3+ | 555 + 675 (green) | 555 + 675, 590 | >1 h | [206,208] | |
Ti3+ >> Eu3+ | 504 + 536 + 620 (red) | identical | (>5 min) | [206,209,210] | |
Ti > Sm3+ | 607 (red) | 590, 607 | ? | [206] | |
Ti > Tm3+ | 513 + 800 (?) | 590, 800 | ? | [206] | |
La2O2S | Sm3+ | 605 + 645 + 656 (red) | (identical) | (>1 min) | [211] |
Y2O2S | Ti3+/defects | 540–594 (orange) | identical | >5 h | [212,213,214,215216] |
Eu3+ | 590 + 614 + 627 + 710 (red) | identical | ~3 h | [217,218,219220] | |
Sm3+ | 570 + 606 + 659 (red) | (identical) | >1 h | [221,222,223] | |
Tb3+ | 417 + 546 (green) | (identical) | >20 min | [224] | |
Ti3+ > Eu3+ | 616 + 625 (red) | 565, 616 + 625 | ~10 min–5 h | [225,226] | |
Tm3+ | 495 + 545 + 588 (orange) | identical | ~1 h | [227] | |
BCNO | intrinsic | 520 (green) | identical | >2 h | [228,229] |
Ba5(PO4)3Cl | Ce3+ >> Eu2+ | 350, 435 (blue) | only 435 | (>5 min) | [230] |
KY3F10 | Sm3+ | 558 + 597 + 651 (red) | (identical) | (>2 min) | [231] |
ZnSiN2 | Mn2+ | 620 (red) | (identical) | ~min | [232] |
2.4. Glasses
Host material | Activators | Emission maximum (nm) | Afterglow emission | Afterglow duration | reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca4Al6Si3O19 | Ce3+ | ? (blue) | (identical) | >1 h | [233] |
Pr3+ | ? (red) | (identical) | >1 h | [233] | |
Tb3+ | 350–600 (green) | identical | >1 h | [233] | |
Ca59Al54Si7Mg7O161 | Mn2+ | 540 (yellow) | (identical) | >1 h | [234] |
Pr3+ | 493 + 610 (red) | (identical) | >1 h | [234] | |
Tb3+ | 543 (green) | (identical) | >2 h | [234,235,236] | |
GeO2 | intrinsic | 465 (blue) | identical | (~20 min) | [237,238] |
SiO2 | defects | 290 + 390 (blue) | identical | ~1 h | [239] |
Na2AlB15O25 | Mn2+ | 590 (reddish) | identical | ~5 min | [240] |
Na4CaGa8Si3O21 | Tb3+ | 542 (green) | identical | ~1 h | [241] |
Na4CaSi7O17 | Cu+/Cu2+ | 510 (blue green) | identical | >30 min | [242] |
Sr7B26O46 | Eu2+, Ce3+ | 350, 430 (blue) | mainly 430 | (>2 min) | [243] |
ZnGe3O7 | Mn2+ | 534 (green) | identical | >1 h | [244] |
Zn2GeO4 | Mn2+ | 540 (green) | identical | (>10 s) | [245] |
Zn3B2SiO8 | Pr3+ | 495 + 603 (reddish) | identical | (>30 min) | [246] |
Tb3+ | 542 (green) | identical | ~1 h | [247,248] | |
Zn11B8Si5O33 | Mn2+ | 525–606 (green/yellow) | identical | ~12 h | [249] |
Zn11B10Si4O34 | Mn2+ | 590 (red) | identical | (~20 min) | [250] |
Mn2+, Sm3+ | 600 (red) | identical | ~10 h | [251,252] | |
Mn2+, Yb3+ | 605, 980 (red/IR) | identical | (~10 min) | [253] | |
Zn60B40Si17Ge3Al4O160 | defects | 410 (blue) | identical | ~2 h | [254] |
3. General Remarks
3.1. Excitation Difficulties
3.2. Energy Transfer
4. Tools for an Accurate Description of a Persistent Luminescent Material
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References and Notes
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Van den Eeckhout, K.; Poelman, D.; Smet, P.F. Persistent Luminescence in Non-Eu2+-Doped Compounds: A Review. Materials 2013, 6, 2789-2818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6072789
Van den Eeckhout K, Poelman D, Smet PF. Persistent Luminescence in Non-Eu2+-Doped Compounds: A Review. Materials. 2013; 6(7):2789-2818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6072789
Chicago/Turabian StyleVan den Eeckhout, Koen, Dirk Poelman, and Philippe F. Smet. 2013. "Persistent Luminescence in Non-Eu2+-Doped Compounds: A Review" Materials 6, no. 7: 2789-2818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6072789