Formability Analysis of Bamboo Fabric Reinforced Poly (Lactic) Acid Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Fabrication of Composites
2.3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.4. Matched-Die Forming Setup
2.4.1. Dome Forming Setup for Cold Tooling Conditions
2.4.2. Dome Forming Setup for Hot Tooling Conditions
2.5. Grid Strain Analysis (GSA)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Results
3.2. Determination of Forming Parameters Using Different Tooling Conditions
3.2.1. Bamboo fabric-PLA Composites Formed Using Cold Tooling Conditions
Forming Rate
3.2.2. Bamboo Fabric-PLA Composites Formed Using Hot Tooling Conditions
Forming Temperature
Forming Rate
Blank Temperature
3.3. Effect of Different Layups
3.3.1. Warp and w/f/f/w Laminates
3.3.2. w/45/−45/w Laminates
3.4. Effect of Blank Size (Forming Ratio)
3.5. Strains Occurring During Matched-Die Thermoforming
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | PLA |
---|---|
Trade name | Ingeo biopolymer 2003D |
Density (g/cm3) | 1.24 |
Tensile stress (MPa) | 53 |
Flexural modulus (MPa) | – |
Notched izod impact strength (23 °C) (J/m) | 16 |
Falling dart impact (23 °C) (J) | – |
Heat distortion temperature (°C) | 55 |
Melt mass flow rate (MFR) (230 °C/2.16 kg) (g/10 min) | 6 |
Tooling Conditions | Test Parameters for Bamboo Fabric-PLA Composites | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blank Temperature (°C) | Die Temperature (°C) | Forming Rate (mm/min) | Blank Size (mm) | Orientation of the Plies | |
Cold tooling conditions | 155 | 23 | 60 | 90 | warp |
w/f/f/w | |||||
w/45/−45/w | |||||
100 | warp | ||||
w/f/f/w | |||||
w/45/−45/w | |||||
Hot tooling conditions | 130 | 130 | 60 | 90 | warp |
w/f/f/w | |||||
w/45/−45/w | |||||
80 | warp | ||||
w/f/f/w | |||||
w/45/−45/w | |||||
130 | 130 | 40 | 90 | w/f/f/w | |
60 | |||||
140 | 60 | ||||
100 | 130 | 60 | 90 | w/45/−45/w | |
130 |
Specimen | Max Dome Depth (h) (mm) | Cavity Rim Radius (rrim) | Blank Radius (r0) (mm) | Dome Radius (rdome) (mm) | Blank Area (A0) (mm2) | Dome Area (A1) (mm2) | Forming Ratio (FR) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diameter 80 mm | 25 | 25 | 40 | 25 | 5027 | 3928 | 1.28 |
Diameter 90 mm | 25 | 25 | 45 | 25 | 6362 | 3928 | 1.62 |
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M. R., N.F.; Jayaraman, K.; Bhattacharyya, D. Formability Analysis of Bamboo Fabric Reinforced Poly (Lactic) Acid Composites. Materials 2016, 9, 539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9070539
M. R. NF, Jayaraman K, Bhattacharyya D. Formability Analysis of Bamboo Fabric Reinforced Poly (Lactic) Acid Composites. Materials. 2016; 9(7):539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9070539
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. R., Nurul Fazita, Krishnan Jayaraman, and Debes Bhattacharyya. 2016. "Formability Analysis of Bamboo Fabric Reinforced Poly (Lactic) Acid Composites" Materials 9, no. 7: 539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9070539