Slow Recovery of Major Soil Nutrient Pools during Reclamation in a Sub-Alpine Copper Mine Area, Southeastern Edge of the Tibetan Plateau, Sichuan Province, SW China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Sampling and Analyses
2.3. Calculations
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Soil Properties
3.2. Variations in soil C, N and P
3.3. Variations in Soil Microbial Biomass C, N, and P
3.4. Rate of Accumulation of Soil C and N
4. Discussion
4.1. Variation in Soil Properties
4.2. Variation in Major soil nutrients
4.3. Accumulation Rates of C and N
4.4. Slow Increase in Soil Nutrient Pools in Sub-Alpine Mine Site
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sites/Samples | Depth (cm) | Description | BD (g cm−3) | Sand (%) | Silt | Clay | pH | Vegetation/Climate | Coverage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reclaimed site | 0–15 15–30 | Rs, reclaimed soil Rsp, reclaimed spoil | 1.20 1.87 | 56.0 a 70.7 b | 42.0 a 27.9 b | 2.0 a 1.4 b | 5.7 a 4.9 b | Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii (height: 1–2.5 m); Rosa omeiensis f. pteracantha (0.4–0.8 m); Lolium perenne L. | 30–50 |
Undisturbed forest | 0–15 15–30 | Utop, undisturbed top soil Usub, undisturbed subsurface soil | 1.14 1.23 | 49.7 c 40.9 d | 47.3 c 55.8 d | 3.0 c 3.3 c | 5.2 b,c 5.3 c | Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii (height: 2–10 m) | 90–100 |
Initial soil | CKs, top soil used to reclamation | 1.32 | 55.2 a | 42.3 a | 2.5 d | 5.9 a | MAT: 7 °C, MDTR: 16 °C, MaxAT: 21 °C (Jul.) MinAT: −15.6 °C (Jan.) MAP: 802 mm Freeze–thaw: Nov.–Mar. | ||
Initial mine spoil | CKsp | 1.95 | 74.2 b | 25.0 b | 0.8 e | 3.8 d |
No. | Site | Duration (years) | RSOC (g m−2·year−1) | RTN (g m−2·year−1) | MAT (°C) | MAP (mm) | Soil Depth (cm) | Vegetation | Mine Type | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sichuan, SW China | 8 | 65.0 | 7.3 | 7 | 802 | 0–15 | Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii (height: 1–2.5 m); Rosa omeiensis f. pteracantha (0.4–0.8 m); Lolium perenne L. | Copper | This study | |
20.3 | 4.1 | 15–30 | ||||||||
Total | 85.3 | 11.4 | 0–30 | |||||||
1 | Western North Dakota | 45 | 13.1 | 2.5 | 6 | 453 | 0–70 | Bromus inermis, Melilotus spp. | Lignite | [46] |
2A | Singrauli, India | 5 | 16.0 | 1.5 | 23 | 1069 | 0–20 | Tectona grandis L.f | Coal | [18] |
2B | 249 | 4.9 | Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. | |||||||
2C | 229 | 11.2 | A. procera (Roxb.) Benth. | |||||||
2D | 324 | 20.0 | Dendrocalamus strictus | |||||||
3 | Southern Poland | 5 | 78.2 | 29.7 | 8 | 700 | 0–20 | Pinus sylvestris L, Betula pendula L. | Sand | [47] |
4A | SE Ohio, USA | 5 | 102 | 11 | 1020 | 0–30 | Pasture | Coal | [8] | |
4B | 10 | 239 | 0–30 | Pasture | ||||||
4C | 10 | 90 | 0–30 | Mixed hardwood species | ||||||
5A | Central Poland | 12 | 520 | 8 | 580 | 0–110 | Lignite | [17] | ||
5B | 17 | 270 | 0–110 | |||||||
6 | Jharkhand, India | 4th to 7th | 171 | 2.0 | 26 | 1375 | 0–30 | Shrub and forest | Coal | [14] |
7 | Telangana, India | 8 | 260 | 22-33 | 975 | 0–60 | Forest with herbs | Coal | [15] | |
8 | West Virginia, USA | 5th to 7th | 22.2 | 19 | 1120 | 0–15 | Robinia pseudoaeacia L. | Coal | [48] |
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Chen, Y.; Zhang, J. Slow Recovery of Major Soil Nutrient Pools during Reclamation in a Sub-Alpine Copper Mine Area, Southeastern Edge of the Tibetan Plateau, Sichuan Province, SW China. Forests 2019, 10, 1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10121069
Chen Y, Zhang J. Slow Recovery of Major Soil Nutrient Pools during Reclamation in a Sub-Alpine Copper Mine Area, Southeastern Edge of the Tibetan Plateau, Sichuan Province, SW China. Forests. 2019; 10(12):1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10121069
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yang, and Jifei Zhang. 2019. "Slow Recovery of Major Soil Nutrient Pools during Reclamation in a Sub-Alpine Copper Mine Area, Southeastern Edge of the Tibetan Plateau, Sichuan Province, SW China" Forests 10, no. 12: 1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10121069