Differentiation and Non-Linear Responses in Temporal Phenotypic Plasticity of Seasonal Phenophases in a Common Garden of Crataegus monogyna Jacq.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Common Garden
2.2. Scoring of the Four Phenophases
2.3. Statistical Analysis of Phenological Data
3. Results
3.1. Timing of Bud Burst
3.2. Timing of Flower Opening
3.3. Timing of Leaf Senescence and Leaf Fall
3.4. Correlation and Variance Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Timing of the Phenophases
4.2. Non-Linear Temporal Responses in Timing of the Phenophases
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Village | Provenance abb. | Latitude | Longitude | Altitude (m) | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flanders | Landegem | FL1 | 51.0546 | 3.5888 | 10 | 53 |
Flanders | Riemst | FL2 | 50.8116 | 5.5978 | 112 | 52 |
Flanders | Hansbeke | FL3 | 51.0747 | 3.5345 | 10 | 31 |
Flanders | Zomergem | FL4 | 51.1195 | 3.5642 | 7.5 | 46 |
Flanders | Melle | FL5 | 51.0030 | 3.7988 | 10 | 55 |
Flanders | Muizen | FL6 | 51.0109 | 4.5143 | 12.5 | 52 |
Wallonia | Smuid | WA1 | 50.0188 | 5.2662 | 370 | 53 |
Wallonia | Viroin | WA2 | 50.0727 | 4.6072 | 305 | 49 |
Hungary | - | HU | - | - | - | 46 |
Italy | - | IT | - | - | - | 52 |
United Kingdom | - | UK | - | - | - | 48 |
Phenophase | Score Level | Description |
---|---|---|
bud burst | 1 | winter buds |
2 | buds swelling | |
3 | buds opening and first green tips of the leaves visible | |
4 | leaves emerging from the bud but not yet unfolding | |
5 | leaves emerged and unfolding | |
6 | leaves fully unfolded and expanding | |
flower opening | 1 | flower buds closed and green |
2 | flower buds closed and white | |
3 | less than half of the flowers in an inflorescence opened | |
4 | half to more than half of the flowers in an inflorescence opened | |
5 | most but not all flowers in an inflorescence opened | |
6 | all flowers opened | |
leaf senescence | 1 | (mainly) green leaves |
2 | mainly light green to yellow leaves | |
3 | mainly yellow leaves | |
4 | yellow and brown leaves | |
5 | (mainly) brown leaves | |
leaf fall | 1 | (nearly) no leaves fallen |
2 | About 1/4of the leaves are fallen | |
3 | About 1/2 of the leaves are fallen | |
4 | About 3/4 of the leaves are fallen | |
5 | (nearly) all leaves fallen |
Variable | Bud Burst | Flower Opening | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | Std. Error | z-Value | p-Value | Estimate | Std. Error | z-Value | p-Value | |
DOY | −0.64 | 0.01 | −44.79 | <0.001 *** | −0.46 | 0.01 | −38.90 | <0.001 *** |
2017 | −8.29 | 0.30 | −27.26 | <0.001 *** | −2.84 | 0.24 | −12.07 | <0.001 *** |
FL2 | −0.28 | 0.48 | −0.59 | 0.558 | −0.28 | 0.31 | −0.90 | 0.367 |
FL3 | −0.08 | 0.55 | −0.15 | 0.878 | −0.47 | 0.35 | −1.32 | 0.188 |
FL4 | 1.30 | 0.49 | 2.63 | 0.009 ** | 0.42 | 0.32 | 1.32 | 0.188 |
FL5 | 0.31 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.513 | −0.04 | 0.30 | −0.12 | 0.905 |
FL6 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 1.06 | 0.290 | −0.10 | 0.31 | −0.31 | 0.753 |
HO | −6.19 | 0.51 | −12.06 | <0.001 *** | −3.02 | 0.35 | −8.65 | <0.001 *** |
IT | −7.14 | 0.51 | −14.14 | <0.001 *** | −3.19 | 0.32 | −10.04 | <0.001 *** |
WA1 | 3.01 | 0.48 | 6.26 | <0.001 *** | 1.46 | 0.32 | 4.55 | <0.001 *** |
WA2 | 3.62 | 0.49 | 7.33 | <0.001 *** | 0.69 | 0.34 | 2.04 | 0.041* |
UK | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.89 | 0.375 | −0.65 | 0.36 | −1.82 | 0.069 |
2017:FL2 | 0.56 | 0.34 | 1.64 | 0.101 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 1.19 | 0.233 |
2017:FL3 | 1.14 | 0.39 | 2.94 | 0.003 ** | 0.77 | 0.39 | 1.97 | 0.049 * |
2017:FL4 | −0.07 | 0.35 | −0.21 | 0.837 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 1.32 | 0.188 |
2017:FL5 | 0.10 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.760 | 0.50 | 0.32 | 1.56 | 0.119 |
2017:FL6 | 0.51 | 0.34 | 1.51 | 0.130 | 0.40 | 0.33 | 1.19 | 0.236 |
2017:HO | 2.44 | 0.37 | 6.54 | <0.001 *** | 1.91 | 0.36 | 5.30 | <0.001 *** |
2017:IT | 3.15 | 0.36 | 8.73 | <0.001 *** | 0.99 | 0.33 | 3.05 | 0.002 ** |
2017:WA1 | 1.01 | 0.35 | 2.91 | 0.004 ** | 0.90 | 0.38 | 2.40 | 0.016 * |
2017:WA2 | 0.62 | 0.36 | 1.75 | 0.080 | 1.59 | 0.39 | 4.04 | <0.001 *** |
2017:UK | 0.94 | 0.35 | 2.73 | 0.006 ** | 1.21 | 0.39 | 3.11 | 0.002 * |
Phenophase | Provenance | Difference in Timing with FL1 (days) | |
---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2017 | ||
bud burst | FL3 | 1.7 | |
FL4 | 2 | 1.9 | |
FL6 | 1.6 | ||
HO | −9.7 | −5.9 | |
IT | −11.2 | −6.3 | |
WA1 | 4.7 | 6.3 | |
WA2 | 5.7 | 6.7 | |
UK | 2.2 | ||
flower opening | FL4 | 1.9 | |
HO | −6.6 | −2.4 | |
IT | −7 | −4.8 | |
WA1 | 3.2 | 5.2 | |
WA2 | 1.5 | 5 | |
UK | 1.2 | ||
leaf senescence | HO | 15.7 | 11.9 |
IT | 9 | 12.3 | |
UK | −7.5 | ||
leaf fall | FL5 | 4.4 | |
HO | 6.8 | 8 | |
IT | 8.7 | 6.3 |
Variable | Leaf Senescence | Leaf Fall | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | Std. Error | z-Value | p-Value | Estimate | Std. Error | z-Value | p-Value | |
DOY | 0.10 | 0.01 | 14.97 | <0.001 *** | 0.27 | 0.01 | 31.11 | <0.001 *** |
2017 | −1.32 | 0.33 | −4.06 | <0.001 *** | 1.89 | 0.29 | 6.45 | <0.001 *** |
FL2 | −0.07 | 0.35 | −0.19 | 0.851 | −0.13 | 0.46 | −0.28 | 0.782 |
FL3 | 0.13 | 0.41 | 0.32 | 0.747 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.91 | 0.366 |
FL4 | −0.10 | 0.35 | −0.29 | 0.771 | −0.81 | 0.48 | −1.70 | 0.090 |
FL5 | −0.16 | 0.34 | −0.48 | 0.635 | −1.17 | 0.46 | −2.56 | 0.010* |
FL6 | −0.06 | 0.35 | −0.16 | 0.874 | 0.17 | 0.47 | 0.36 | 0.721 |
HO | −1.60 | 0.35 | −4.61 | <0.001 *** | −1.82 | 0.47 | −3.83 | <0.001 *** |
IT | −0.92 | 0.33 | −2.76 | 0.006 ** | −2.34 | 0.47 | −5.03 | <0.001 *** |
WA1 | 0.00 | 0.34 | −0.01 | 0.996 | −0.84 | 0.46 | −1.83 | 0.068 |
WA2 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 0.768 | −0.23 | 0.47 | −0.49 | 0.624 |
UK | −0.05 | 0.35 | −0.15 | 0.884 | −0.47 | 0.47 | −1.00 | 0.317 |
2017:FL2 | 0.73 | 0.45 | 1.62 | 0.106 | 0.79 | 0.41 | 1.94 | 0.052 |
2017:FL3 | 0.16 | 0.53 | 0.31 | 0.757 | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.02 | 0.984 |
2017:FL4 | 0.20 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.658 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 1.04 | 0.299 |
2017:FL5 | 0.09 | 0.44 | 0.21 | 0.834 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 1.02 | 0.308 |
2017:FL6 | −0.06 | 0.46 | −0.13 | 0.898 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.53 | 0.598 |
2017:HO | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.86 | 0.391 | −0.34 | 0.41 | −0.84 | 0.402 |
2017:IT | −0.33 | 0.44 | −0.76 | 0.450 | 0.66 | 0.40 | 1.65 | 0.100 |
2017:WA1 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 1.05 | 0.294 | 0.72 | 0.40 | 1.80 | 0.072 |
2017:WA2 | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.683 | 0.99 | 0.41 | 2.42 | 0.016 * |
2017:UK | 0.82 | 0.45 | 1.81 | 0.070 | 1.13 | 0.41 | 2.76 | 0.006 ** |
Bb2016 | Fo2016 | Se2016 | Fa216 | Bb2017 | Fo2017 | Se2017 | Fa2017 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bb2016 | 0.98 | −0.87 | −0.7 | 0.97 | 0.95 | −0.85 | −0.8 | |
Fo2016 | < 0.001 | −0.86 | −0.65 | 0.94 | 0.92 | −0.81 | −0.73 | |
Se2016 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.79 | −0.83 | −0.7 | 0.86 | 0.9 | |
Fa2016 | 0.017 | 0.030 | 0.003 | −0.64 | −0.53 | 0.75 | 0.89 | |
Bb2017 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.036 | 0.97 | −0.82 | −0.78 | |
Fo2017 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.097 | < 0.001 | −0.75 | −0.65 | |
Se2017 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.9 | |
Fa2017 | 0.003 | 0.010 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.030 | < 0.001 |
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Vander Mijnsbrugge, K.; Janssens, A. Differentiation and Non-Linear Responses in Temporal Phenotypic Plasticity of Seasonal Phenophases in a Common Garden of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Forests 2019, 10, 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10040293
Vander Mijnsbrugge K, Janssens A. Differentiation and Non-Linear Responses in Temporal Phenotypic Plasticity of Seasonal Phenophases in a Common Garden of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Forests. 2019; 10(4):293. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10040293
Chicago/Turabian StyleVander Mijnsbrugge, Kristine, and Astrid Janssens. 2019. "Differentiation and Non-Linear Responses in Temporal Phenotypic Plasticity of Seasonal Phenophases in a Common Garden of Crataegus monogyna Jacq." Forests 10, no. 4: 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10040293