Does Deforestation Trigger Severe Flood Damage at Hoeryeong City in North Korea?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Methods
2.2.1. Delineation of Flood-Damaged Areas and Build Database Establishment
2.2.2. Investigation of the Effects of Land-Use Change on Flooding
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Geographic Properties of Land-Use Change Area
3.2. Spatial Correlation, Soil Loss, and Runoff Change
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | Period or Year | Spatial Resolution | Coordinate Projection | Level | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RS | Landsat MSS | 1977.05.22 | 79 m | WGS84/UTM Zone 52N | 1T | USGS |
Landsat 8 | 2016.05.28 | 30 m | ||||
GIS | FDAs map | 2016 | 30 m | WGS84/UTM Zone 52N | Lim and Lee [2] | |
Elevation map | 1:25,000 | WGS84/UTM Zone 52N | NGII Digital topographic data | |||
Slope map | ||||||
DNS map | ||||||
Landform map | ||||||
Annual mean precipitation data | 1977–2016 | Before 2011: 28.8 km grid (3/10-deg) After 2011: 19.2 km grid (1/5 deg) | WGS84 | NOAA | ||
Soil data | 30 arc seconds | WGS84 | FAO |
Grain Size Composition | Organic Matter Content (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Textural class | <0.5 | <2 | <4 |
Sand | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
Fine sand | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.10 |
Very fine sand | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.28 |
Loamy sand | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.08 |
Loamy fine sand | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.16 |
Loamy very fine sand | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.30 |
Sandy loam | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.19 |
Fine sandy loam | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.24 |
Very fine sandy loam | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.33 |
Loam | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.29 |
Silty loam | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.33 |
Silt | 0.60 | 0.52 | 0.42 |
Sandy clay loam | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.21 |
Clay loam | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.21 |
Silty clay loam | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.26 |
Sandy clay | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.12 |
Silty clay | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.19 |
Clay | 0.13–0.2 |
Land Cover Type | C Value |
---|---|
Crop field | 0.4 |
Forest | 0.1 |
Water | 0 |
Slope (%) | Contour Tillage | Contour Strip Tillage | Terraced Tillage |
---|---|---|---|
1–2 | 0.60 | 0.30 | 0.12 |
3–8 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.10 |
9–12 | 0.60 | 0.30 | 0.12 |
13–16 | 0.70 | 0.35 | 0.14 |
17–20 | 0.80 | 0.40 | 0.16 |
21–25 | 0.90 | 0.45 | 0.18 |
Runoff Coefficient | Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr) | Runoff (m3/sec) | |
---|---|---|---|
1977 | 0.31 | 56.3 | 128.2 |
2016 | 0.46 | 60.8 | 206.6 |
Difference | 0.15 | 4.4 | 78.4 |
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Lim, J.; Kim, K.-M.; Lee, K.-S. Does Deforestation Trigger Severe Flood Damage at Hoeryeong City in North Korea? Forests 2019, 10, 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10090789
Lim J, Kim K-M, Lee K-S. Does Deforestation Trigger Severe Flood Damage at Hoeryeong City in North Korea? Forests. 2019; 10(9):789. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10090789
Chicago/Turabian StyleLim, Joongbin, Kyoung-Min Kim, and Kyoo-Seock Lee. 2019. "Does Deforestation Trigger Severe Flood Damage at Hoeryeong City in North Korea?" Forests 10, no. 9: 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10090789