Properties of Oak Roundwood with and without Frost Cracks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site and Model Trees’ Selection
2.2. Frost Crack Measurement
2.3. Sampling Procedure
2.4. Wood Properties’ Measurement
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Frost Cracks’ Characteristic
3.2. Wood Density and Moisture Content
3.3. Mechanical Properties
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cracked (n = 5) | Control (n = 5) | |
---|---|---|
Height (m) | 27.0 | 27.3 |
DBH (cm) | 38.2 | 34.0 |
Canopy depth (m) | 16.8 | 17.2 |
Canopy depth (%) | 62.5 | 62.2 |
Tree Number | Total Number of Cracks | Length of Crack (m) | Height to Mid-Point of Crack (m) | Number of Cracks at the Breast Height | Cambial Age * | Cambial Age of the Crack * | Compass Direction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 3.3 | 1.65 | 1 | 109 | 13 | S |
2 | 4 | 5.0 1.9 1.8 2.8 | 2.50 0.95 5.30 6.00 | 2 | 100 114 | 51 12 | SE W SW N |
3 | 1 | 3.6 | 1.80 | 1 | 99 | 29 | N |
4 | 3 | 1.5 0.8 0.6 | 0.75 0.42 0.30 | 1 | 101 | 55 | SW N N |
5 | 5 | 1.6 1.0 0.4 1.8 5.4 | 0.80 0.50 0.20 0.90 4.30 | 2 | 101 100 | 56 42 | SE W NW NE N |
Properties | Material | Statistical Parameters | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min | mean | max | ±SD | CV (%) | ||
Density (kg × m−3) | Frost crack | 560 | 765 a | 875 | 76 | 9.9 |
Control | 530 | 650 b | 720 | 47 | 7.2 | |
Moisture content (%) | Frost crack | 7.9 | 8.4 a | 9.4 | 0.62 | 7.4 |
Control | 8.1 | 8.8 a | 9.3 | 0.74 | 8.3 |
Properties | Material | Statistical Parameters | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min | mean | Max | ±SD | CV (%) | ||
MOE (MPa) | Frost crack | 6526 | 10021 a | 12368 | 1280 | 12.77 |
Control | 7165 | 10221 a | 12799 | 1334 | 13.05 | |
MOR (MPa) | Frost crack | 66 | 108 b | 133 | 13.8 | 12.77 |
Control | 87 | 115 a | 148 | 14.0 | 12.17 | |
WML (J) | Frost crack | 0.896 | 1.810 b | 2.545 | 0.384 | 21.21 |
Control | 1.286 | 2.292 a | 5.697 | 0.857 | 37.39 | |
MOEsp (kN × m × kg−1) | Frost crack | 9.44 | 13.15 b | 17.03 | 1.58 | 12.02 |
Control | 12.75 | 15.45 a | 18.00 | 1.27 | 8.22 | |
RcL (MPa) | Frost crack | 43.6 | 52.9 b | 69.6 | 6.4 | 12.09 |
Control | 57.3 | 66.9 a | 75.8 | 4.9 | 7.32 | |
RcR (MPa) | Frost crack | 6.76 | 8.37 b | 10.31 | 0.84 | 10.03 |
Control | 5.69 | 6.92 a | 8.37 | 0.44 | 6.35 | |
RcT (MPa) | Frost crack | 4.72 | 6.02 b | 7.94 | 0.77 | 12.79 |
Control | 4.46 | 5.66 a | 6.89 | 0.75 | 13.25 |
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Mania, P.; Tomczak, A. Properties of Oak Roundwood with and without Frost Cracks. Forests 2020, 11, 538. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050538
Mania P, Tomczak A. Properties of Oak Roundwood with and without Frost Cracks. Forests. 2020; 11(5):538. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050538
Chicago/Turabian StyleMania, Przemysław, and Arkadiusz Tomczak. 2020. "Properties of Oak Roundwood with and without Frost Cracks" Forests 11, no. 5: 538. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050538