Rheological Properties of Wood–Plastic Composites by 3D Numerical Simulations: Different Components
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Composites
2.3. Rheological Parameters
2.4. Polyflow Software Numerical Analysis
2.4.1. Finite Element Model
2.4.2. Simulation Condition
- (1)
- The material used for extrusion was an incompressible, highly viscous, non-Newtonian fluid.
- (2)
- The material fully filled the mold and underwent isothermal, steady, and laminar flow in the flow channel.
- (3)
- Inertia and gravity were neglected due to the slow flow velocity and high viscosity.
- (4)
- There was no slip between the material and the channel wall during extrusion [25].
2.4.3. Details of the Finite Element Calculations
2.4.4. Simulation Scheme
3. Results
3.1. Rheological Behavior of Materials
3.2. Pressure Distribution Field Analysis
3.3. Velocity Distribution Field Analysis
3.4. Shear Rate Distribution Field Analysis
3.5. Viscosity Distribution Field Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Different Components on Pressure Field Distribution
4.2. Effect of Different Components on Viscosity Field Distribution
4.3. Effect of Different Components on Velocity and Shear Rate Field Distribution
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WF/wt% | HDPE/wt% | MAPE/wt% | Lubricant/wt% |
---|---|---|---|
40 | 55 | 3 | 2 |
45 | 50 | 3 | 2 |
50 | 45 | 3 | 2 |
55 | 40 | 3 | 2 |
60 | 35 | 3 | 2 |
65 | 30 | 3 | 2 |
70 | 25 | 3 | 2 |
75 | 20 | 3 | 2 |
80 | 15 | 3 | 2 |
WF/wt% | R2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
40 | 53,087 | 0.440 | 0.312 | 0.977 |
45 | 97,483 | 0.411 | 0.275 | 0.981 |
50 | 127,732 | 0.401 | 0.293 | 0.981 |
55 | 169,396 | 0.356 | 0.308 | 0.987 |
60 | 498,320 | 0.246 | 0.327 | 0.996 |
65 | 957,822 | 0.186 | 0.320 | 0.988 |
70 | 1,076,080 | 0.171 | 0.322 | 0.981 |
75 | 1,569,410 | 0.143 | 0.295 | 0.981 |
80 | 1,918,580 | 0.131 | 0.284 | 0.985 |
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Lv, X.; Hao, X.; Ou, R.; Liu, T.; Guo, C.; Wang, Q.; Yi, X.; Sun, L. Rheological Properties of Wood–Plastic Composites by 3D Numerical Simulations: Different Components. Forests 2021, 12, 417. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12040417
Lv X, Hao X, Ou R, Liu T, Guo C, Wang Q, Yi X, Sun L. Rheological Properties of Wood–Plastic Composites by 3D Numerical Simulations: Different Components. Forests. 2021; 12(4):417. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12040417
Chicago/Turabian StyleLv, Xingcong, Xiaolong Hao, Rongxian Ou, Tao Liu, Chuigen Guo, Qingwen Wang, Xin Yi, and Lichao Sun. 2021. "Rheological Properties of Wood–Plastic Composites by 3D Numerical Simulations: Different Components" Forests 12, no. 4: 417. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12040417