Properties of Plywood Made of Thermally Treated Veneers Bonded with Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Adhesive
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Treatment Veneers
2.3. Test Applied to Veneers
2.3.1. Chemical Analyses
2.3.2. Surface Roughness
2.3.3. Wettability
2.4. Plywood Preparation
2.5. Physical Properties of Plywood
2.6. Mechanical Properties of Plywood
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Analyses of Veneers
3.2. Roughness of Veneers
3.3. Wettability of Veneers
3.4. Physical Properties of Plywood Samples
3.5. Mechanical Properties of Plywood Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- There were no significant differences between the veneers treated using the HT and TM processes under the conditions carried out in this experiment;
- Heating above 160 °C for 30 min is sufficient for changes in the veneer, such as to soften the wood material and reduce its roughness;
- The treatment increased the lignin content, while decreasing hemicellulose. In consequence, there was a reduction in the equilibrium moisture content and the contact angles with water, expressing the wettability, thereby producing veneers with hydrophobic characteristics;
- The reduction in strength and stiffness was not statistically significant;
- There was a reduction in tensile rupture in the glue line of at least 20% affected due to the heat treatment. This means that the glue ability of veneers can simultaneously be dependent on the combination of several parameters, including its roughness and wettability;
- This study provides a technical baseline that can help in the development of new panel protection technologies. In terms of treatment, although the results in general were not so different, the treatment in hot-press at 180 °C indicated better performance at analyzing all parameters.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Temp. (°C) | Holocellulose | Cellulose | Hemicellulose | Lignin | Extractives |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 67.28 (0.06) a 1 | 43.17 (0.38) ab | 24.11 (0.34) a | 26.11 (0.06) a | 6.58 (0.11) a | |
HT | 160 | 66.23 (0.34) ab | 43.37 (0.19) a | 22.85 (0.49) b | 26.80 (0.34) a | 6.97 (0.10) b |
HT | 180 | 64.99 (0.69) b | 42.88 (0.41) ab | 22.11 (0.28) bc | 29.51 (0.69) c | 6.50 (0.05) a |
HT | 200 | 61.64 (0.48) d | 41.12 (0.13) d | 20.52 (0.35) d | 31.80 (0.48) d | 6.56 (0.10) a |
TM | 160 | 63.54 (0.18) c | 42.47 (0.24) bc | 21.24 (0.16) cd | 27.94 (0.18) b | 8.52 (0.40) d |
TM | 180 | 62.65 (0.31) cd | 41.99 (0.18) c | 20.33 (0.14) d | 30.03 (0.27) c | 7.65 (0.12) c |
TM | 200 | 57.41 (0.76) e | 41.94 (0.09) c | 15.14 (0.49) e | 35.24 (0.45) e | 7.68 (0.09) c |
Treatment | Temp. (°C) | Density (kg/m3) | EMC (%) | WA (%) | TS (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 592 (57) a 1 | 7.59 (1.02) a | 41.18 (9.27) a | 4.90 (0.58) a | |
HT | 160 | 566 (43) ab | 6.95 (0.56) a | 33.71 (5.09) b | 4.26 (0.21) ab |
HT | 180 | 528 (42) b | 6.34 (0.42) ab | 34.30 (7.29) b | 3.81 (0.22) ab |
HT | 200 | 567 (45) ab | 6.11 (0.41) ab | 29.55 (6.98) b | 3.65 (0.55) ab |
TM | 160 | 563 (19) ab | 6.99 (1.33) a | 30.67 (5.74) b | 4.68 (0.62) ab |
TM | 180 | 553 (27) ab | 6.42 (1.08) ab | 30.38 (5.05) b | 4.67 (0.48) ab |
TM | 200 | 525 (12) ab | 5.78 (0.78) b | 30.94 (4.06) b | 3.46 (0.38) b |
Cellulose | Hemicellulose | Lignin | Extractives | Roughness | EMC | Contact Angle | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roughness | 0.661 n.s. 1 | 0.422 n.s. | −0.576 n.s. | 0.139 n.s. | x | x | x |
EMC | 0.601 n.s. | 0.979 *** | −0.882 *** | −0.631 *** | 0.368 n.s. | x | x |
Contact angle | −0.652 n.s | −0.744 * | 0.764 * | −0.392 n.s. | −0.651 n.s. | −0.748 * | x |
Glue line | 0.502 n.s | 0.643 n.s. | −0.655 n.s. | −0.360 n.s. | 0.740 * | 0.618 n.s. | −0.891 *** |
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Galdino, D.S.; Silva, M.F.F.; Arroyo, F.N.; Rangel, E.C.; Caraschi, J.C.; Santos, H.F.d.; de Freitas, L.; Christoforo, A.L.; de Campos, C.I. Properties of Plywood Made of Thermally Treated Veneers Bonded with Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Adhesive. Forests 2023, 14, 1635. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081635
Galdino DS, Silva MFF, Arroyo FN, Rangel EC, Caraschi JC, Santos HFd, de Freitas L, Christoforo AL, de Campos CI. Properties of Plywood Made of Thermally Treated Veneers Bonded with Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Adhesive. Forests. 2023; 14(8):1635. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081635
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaldino, Danilo Soares, Maria Fernanda Felippe Silva, Felipe Nascimento Arroyo, Elidiane Cipriano Rangel, José Cláudio Caraschi, Herisson Ferreira dos Santos, Ludmila de Freitas, André Luis Christoforo, and Cristiane Inácio de Campos. 2023. "Properties of Plywood Made of Thermally Treated Veneers Bonded with Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Adhesive" Forests 14, no. 8: 1635. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081635