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Article

Coppicing Abilities of Decapitated Elite Tree Trunks of Selected Acacia Species Genotypes in Mixed-Species Plantation

by
Sures Kumar Muniandi
1,*,
Norwati Muhammad
2,
Farah Fazwa Md Ariff
1 and
Yaghoob Taheri
3
1
Plant Improvement Programme, Forest Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Research and Development Deputy Director General Office, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 7149743471, Iran
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2024, 15(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010009
Submission received: 6 November 2023 / Revised: 2 December 2023 / Accepted: 6 December 2023 / Published: 20 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
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Abstract

:
Maturation-related loss in the shooting and rooting ability of a species through macro or micropropagation techniques has been a limiting factor in any forest tree improvement program. The rejuvenation capacity of mature elite trees of Acacia mangium, Acacia crassicarpa, Acacia auriculiformis, and Acacia aulococarpa was investigated by evaluating the sprouting ability of decapitated trunks. Thus, a total of 120 trees were selected based on their superior phenotypic characteristics from four provenance and five progenies of each species, and trunks of the elite trees were decapitated into two different height groups to induce coppicing from the collar and base of the trunk. Coppicing ability varies with species, provenance, progeny, and cutting height. A. auriculiformis was the easiest to produce shoots by having the highest shooting percentage (84%) and the number of shoots per trunk (13.5), followed by A. mangium (75%) and A. aulococarpa (40%). The total shoot number increased significantly with the increase in the height of the stumps. Data indicated that there is a possibility to rejuvenate matured cutting through coppicing in the natural environment. This study will help in the standardization of the stumping procedure for the rejuvenation of elite Acacia genotypes while simultaneously assisting in preserving germplasm through clonal propagation.

1. Introduction

Ontogenetic aging, commonly known as the maturation phase, is a common life cycle part of all vascular plant species. Phase changes in the maturation process can be divided into four phases, namely; (1) the embryonic phase, (2) the post-embryonic juvenile vegetative phase, (3) the adult vegetative phase, and (4) the adult reproductive phase [1,2]. Decreased growth rate, regenerative potential, and capacity for vegetative growth normally occur during phases 2–4. Reversion from the mature state to the juvenile form is necessary and considered a common requirement if they need to be propagated through in vitro techniques [3,4,5,6]. The rejuvenation process in certain plant species occurs as a result of the reversion of mature cells to a juvenile state or as a result of the selective multiplication of certain cells [1]. Plant regeneration among woody plants, especially from adult trees, is often not successful directly without any cell rejuvenation [4]. However, in some cases, the rejuvenation of mature sources may be induced artificially by the application of growth hormones such as Cytokinin either during the collection of the explant or before the explants are inoculated in a culture medium. Propagation through stumps/pruning sprouts or coppice materials, buds from cutting or forced flushing, and serial grafting are some of the macro propagation techniques that can be adopted for rejuvenation purposes [1,4,6,7]. However, techniques such as the grafting of mature scions on juvenile stocks will only result in short-term rejuvenation. Advances in these rejuvenation techniques can be used as pretreatments before further rejuvenation through in vitro techniques [3,4,6]. The growth and reproductive vitality of plants can be increased after rejuvenation [8]. The utilization of newly developed sprouts as planting materials is one of the most frequently attempted rejuvenation techniques in the propagation of elite sources for many species such as Acacia spp. [9,10], Khaya ivorensis [11], Eucalyptus radiata [12], and Tectona grandis [13].
Coppicing material arising from stumps is typically induced by cutting down the trunk or branches of a certain tree species without damaging the root system. The production of basal sprouts from the collar or closest to the wound of trunks or branches is a primary purpose of every species to replace the damaged part of their system [14]. A basal sprout from matured tree stumps shows signs of juvenility with vigorous growth and enhanced adventitious rooting ability compared to cuttings or buds taken from the shoots from the crown of the same tree. The sprouting ability of each tree involves at least two of the basic strategies related directly to the resource allocation from the trunk to the sprouts [15,16,17]. The first strategy is shown by species referred to as ‘resprouters’, in which energy sources in the form of reserve carbohydrates from the basal trunk and root system are allocated to support the rapid growth of sprouts induced by the damage to the above ground portion of the tree. The resource allocation strategy adopted by trees such as Euptelea polyandra and Ostrya virginiana would suggest the second resource allocation theory which is known as ‘resource remobilization’. The Euptelea tree trunk sprouts at the base in response to the uprooting of the primary stem at a relatively early age and involves energy remobilization from an older stem [18,19,20]. Diller & Marshall [21] further demonstrated the resource remobilization strategy of Ostrya virginiana by stressing the effects of stumping height by leaving stumps in heights varying from 0 to 1.5 m. They found that the sprouting percentage of stumped Ostrya increases from 15% (at ground level) to 87% (1 m above ground level).
In response to their enhanced growth characteristics, coppice materials are considered to be ontogenetically juvenile relative to other mature parts of the same tree [22,23]. Strong vertical orientation, indeterminate growth, the production of large and variable leaf shapes, and the retention of dead leaves are some of the other juvenile traits observed among rejuvenated sprouts [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. Enhanced traits of these coppicing materials can have a strong economic impact on forest tree improvement programs. A few factors that limit their application in forestry sectors and determine the growth rates of sprouts include the site condition, age of the tree, timing of the rejuvenation and type of the species involved [24,25,26,27], size of the tree, and cutting techniques [28]. Some species increase their ability to produce vigorous sprouts when the tree ages, e.g., Quercus sp., while some species lose their ability to sprout even in their early age, e.g., Betula alleghaniensis [27,29]. The sprouting ability, such as the survival of tree trunks, number of sprouts produced per stump, and the sprouting period of a tree, depends not only on the species itself but also on the diameter as well as the height of the cut stump. Some mature Oak species were found to lose their sprouting ability with increasing diameter of the tree trunks, even though their overall performance in sprouting is better compared to other species [27,30,31,32]. The sprouting percentages of some maple species such as Acer saccharum also decrease at a diameter between 10 and 15 cm, while some species such as Acer rubrum tend to produce an increased amount of sprout even up to 25 cm [29,33].
Acacias are one of the world’s most common and widely planted tree species because of their wide diversity of species, adaptability of any Acacia species for different climates and soil conditions, fast growth rates, and multipurpose uses of the tree as timber, pulp, fodder, and biofuel. Acacia plantations are dominated by Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, and Acacia crassicarpa, although other species of Acacia have been planted globally for a range of forestry and horticultural purposes. The productivity of Acacia plantations has been limited by a low amenability to clonal propagation from mature vegetative parts. One of the great challenges in Acacia forestry is to develop efficient methods for the clonal propagation of selected genotypes of superior individual trees for mass production in the nursery. Juvenility and phase change play a vital role and impact plant morphology and the ability of explants to be successfully propagated in vitro. It is a fact that the age of the stock plant from which the cuttings were obtained plays a crucial role in affecting the rooting ability of Acacia cuttings [9,34]. Most Acacia spp. is categorized as difficult to root [35]. A wide variation can be observed in the rooting response of A. auriculiformis cuttings obtained from seedlings 1 to 3 years old with a success rate of as low as 7 to 41% [36]. It was also observed that A. mangium cuttings taken from 6- to 12-month--old stock plants rooted better than stem cuttings obtained from 18- and 24-month-old stock plants [34]. In an attempt to mass produce clonal material from selected mother trees of 12-year-old Acacia species, a decline in rooting percentage and an increase in mortality with an increasing age of stock plants have been observed for all Acacia species tested in the study. An improved propagation technique of rejuvenation of mature cuttings through forced flushed branch segments successfully improved the rooting ability of cuttings obtained from newly sprouted shoots [9]. Thus, in this study, the coppicing ability of mature stumps of selected Acacia species in producing rejuvenated sprouts was investigated to assist in the clonal propagation of elite materials. This study aims to determine the effects of species and provenance in affecting the coppicing ability of mature Acacia species. This study provides a strategy for the rejuvenation of mature elite trees of Acacia species to overcome the maturation effects which might affect the rooting ability of a planting material.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Site

This study was conducted for 6 months in the provenance–progeny trial previously established at How Swee Sdn. Bhd. Estate, Kampung Aur Gading, Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia using seed sources supplied by ACIAR (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia) through CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia) in 1998 for a species–provenance–progeny trial. The growth trial was established through clear felling of rubber plantation on soil described as deep, brownish-yellow to yellowish-brown fine sandy loam. Selected Acacia species were planted in 4 replicates/blocks comprised of 4 species, 16 provenance, and 80 progenies with 16 individual trees in a line with 3 m × 3 m spacing. Seed sources from Acacia species were gathered from 2 regions which are Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Queensland (OLD). This study site was previously established for growth evaluation of Acacia species originating from different seed sources. Details of the species and provenances in this study area are summarized in Table 1. The study area experiences a typically hot humid climate with temperatures ranging from 26 to 32 °C and a 12 h day and night cycle. From the study site, another separate experiment was designed to investigate the coppicing ability of the individual Acacia mother trees for mass propagation. For this experiment, only potential mother trees were selected for decapitation study. The stumping procedures were conducted during the rainy season to facilitate shoot production from the mature stumps and to reduce excessive moisture lost from the exposed tree trunks around mid-October to November.

2.2. Plant Material

Mother trees of Acacia species were selected based on their superior phenotypic characteristics from the selected study site. Superior plus trees were selected based on their quantitative and qualitative traits, such as diameter at breast height (DBH), total height, crown emergence, crown diameter, crown form, stem straightness, branching and forking system, branching quality and quantity, the axis of branches, and pruning ability (Table 2). Detailed information on the selection criteria were obtained from Kumar et al. [37]. Trees having the best phenotype for a certain growth trait were given the highest rank and followed by non-favorable phenotypes following the descending scoring system (6 for the best). Individual trees with high scores were selected as potential mother trees for rejuvenation technique. Details of the provenance and origin of the mother trees involved in the study are summarized in Table 1.

2.3. Shoot Sprout of Stumping/Epicormic/Coppicing

A total of 160 mother trees were chosen from 4 species of Acacia comprised of 4 provenances, 5 individual trees for each provenance, and decapitated into 2 cutting height groups. The diameter and height of each tree were recorded before the trees were stumped. Each tree was decapitated randomly at one of two cutting heights of 1.0 m and 1.5 m above ground to evaluate the effect of stump height on the production of sprouts. Uneven cut using a chainsaw with stump pull and slabs was removed from the tree trunks and wounds were sealed using plastic sealer to avoid moisture loss. Nearby trees to stumps were also either pruned or felled to allow exposure to sunlight. After 3 months, observations recorded on the number of new sprouts, sprout girth, number of leaves, and sprout length (a measure of shoot from point of origin) of each stump were recorded. Stumps without any growth of sprouts were considered dead and were recorded as well. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 27 [38]. This was followed by a post hoc test using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

3. Results

ANOVA of the dependent variables for all coppicing ability traits is presented in Table 3 for four Acacia species. In the analysis of variance for the coppicing ability of Acacia stumps, only the main effects of provenance and stumping height were significant for all species except for A. crassicarpa. None of the traits studied were significant for A. crassicarpa for both the provenance and stumping height effects. The interaction between the provenance and stumping height was also not significant for all species except for the shooting percentage of A. mangium. New healthy shoots were observed around the collar of the stumps as early as after one month for A. auriculiformis and as late as more than 2 and half months for A. crassicarpa. This indicates that the hibernating period for energy restoration for new shoot production from decapitated stumps varies between species. A mean separation test conducted for the differences among the coppicing ability of Acacia species found that A. auriculiformis were easy to produce shoots by having the highest mean value of 84% and 13.5 for the shooting percentage and number of shoots, respectively. This was followed by A. mangium and A. aulococarpa with 75% and 40% shooting percentages, respectively (Table 4).
A. crassicarpa did not respond to any of the treatments tested in this study for all coppicing abilities and was recorded as the most difficult to coppice Acacia species compared to the other three Acacia species. Almost none of the stumps produced any shoots and even if there were any (less than two per stump only after 2 months), the shoots were very small and failed to survive for more than a week. The A. auriculiformis and A. mangium provenances displayed considerably a good coppicing ability considering the age factors as one of the limiting factors. The A. auriculiformis provenance produced the highest shooting percentage of 70% to 90% followed by the A. mangium provenance with less variation from 72% to 78%. The A. aulococarpa provenance was recorded as a provenance with moderate coppicing ability with a shooting percentage of 28% to 52% (Table 5). The total shoots number was greater as the height of the stumps increased (Figure 1). Overall, despite the differences in terms of the coppicing ability of different species, tree trunks decapitated at 1.5 m above ground displayed good coppicing abilities in terms of the shooting percentage, shoot number, and number of leaves. More than 90% of the shooting percentage was achieved at 1.5 m for both A. mangium and A. auriculiformis. However, longer shoots with bigger girth were only achieved in stumps decapitated at 1.0 m above ground for all species (Table 6).

4. Discussion

Clonal forestry with mature species is often vulnerable when maturation effects in superior mother trees have been shown to reduce clonal vigor in A. mangium and A. crassicarpa [39,40,41]. The age factor of the donor plants also affects the speed of rooting, length, and number of roots as well as the growth and development of Acacia cuttings in the nursery bed. The inability of mature cuttings to be rooted can be related to several factors, such as an increase in the level of rooting inhibitors as the tree grows older, the absence of auxin co-factors as a result of the decrease in phenolic levels, and the presence of anatomical barriers such as sclerenchymatous sheath [34,42,43]. To overcome the maturation effect and to enhance root production from cuttings, coppice shoots of A. manguim × A. auriculiformis and sprouting buds from stem cuttings were used in A. auriculiformis as a planting material [44,45]. The rejuvenation of mature Acacia species is also possible through the stumping and rooting of sprouted young coppice materials of 2- to 10-year-old A. mearnsii [10]. Coppice sprouts arise primarily from concealed dormant buds that grow from the stump of a tree following decapitation of the main trunk of the tree. Species vary in their vigor of coppicing. Coppicing in some tree species, especially broad leaves such as poplars, willows, and eucalyptus, is quite common and better compared to conifers. The longevity of the stool also greatly depends on its health, species, and site [46].
The provenance and stump height effects in A. crassicarpa could not be pronounced clearly since the species did not coppice well with a high rate of mortality. Australian Acacia species have been shown to have excellent regrowth in coppicing ability after pruning and have been used as one of the main means of propagation of superior clones [47,48]. For example, a system has been developed in Niger to select and utilize coppice materials of Acacia from the regeneration of decapitated trunks and it has led to the establishment of more than 3 million hectares of plantation land [48,49]. It has been shown that the coppicing ability is consistent for many Australian species genera but varies widely within Acacia species and it ranges from complete failure to abundant regeneration [47].
Despite being the easiest species to coppice, the coppicing ability of matured Acacia species is still a problem since the age factor plays a major role in the production of planting stock through vegetative propagation such as the coppicing of stumps. To overcome the maturation effects, an attempt to rejuvenate the matured Acacia species through coppicing has been made by Beck et al. [10]. The effects of maturation and tree age on the coppicing ability have been reemphasized by stumping A. mearnsii from five age groups (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 years old) to a height of 1.5 m. Even though sprouting can be noted in all age groups as early as 3 weeks, a linear relationship can be seen, with the least coppice production observed in 10-year-old plants. The rejuvenated shoots then were decontaminated to be used as explants in micropropagation.
Acacia species with different genetic backgrounds such as from different clones, varieties, families, and provenances were also found to exhibit considerable genetic variation in the coping ability of stumps. For instance, A. tumida was found to be highly variable with the other variants or provenances, whereas the Kulparn variety was found to have a low coppicing ability [50,51]. In contrast, four progenies at two different sites of another important Australian tree species, Eucalyptus grandis, in southern Florida showed no significant differences in coppicing ability [52,53]. The coppicing ability or effectiveness to produce the highest number of shoots per stump varies not only among species and tree age but also depends on plant size when being decapitated, stump height and percentage of the stand removed, cutting season, site condition/silviculture practice, and harvest method [54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61]. In accordance with the results of this study, Xue et al. [61] found that the height of the stumps plays an important role in shoot production. They found that Quercus variabilis stumps decapitated more than 30 cm above the ground with a larger base diameter of more than 15 cm have greater a sprouting ability.
In a study to investigate the effects of the size of a tree and stump height on the regrowth of Terminalia sericea, a positive relationship between cutting height and the number of coppices was found. It was also found that larger stems produce more coppices with a greater mean value cumulative coppice shoot length than the smaller stem [62]. Similarly in another study, the production of the number of shoots per stump increased with the cutting height for three fuelwood species, namely, Dichrostachys cinerea, Albizia harveyi, and Combretum collinum. The number of shoots produced was also increased with the stump diameter for all three species [63]. Even though the coppicing ability varies with species, provenance, and stump height, it was recorded that this technique is not suitable for A. crassicarpa since this species does not coppice well [64]. This technique has also been used to rejuvenate matured species for the micropropagation of elite clones to reverse the influence of age effects on the rooting ability of shoots in in vitro cultures. Coppice shoots collected from 20-year-old Picea sitchensis were found to be excellent explants in culture, with improved rooting abilities [65]. Coppice materials from 5-year-old A. hybrid (A. auriculiformis × A. mangium) stumps were also reported to be the best in the induction and proliferation of explants in culture medium [66]. Micropropagation of E. globulus was established by improving the in vitro rooting ability of explants obtained through coppice materials [67]. From this study, it can be concluded that rejuvenation of matured materials is possible for certain tree species through the use of coppice materials. This technique can be manipulated with modern technologies such as tissue culture for the mass production of improved materials for the establishment of clonal plantation forestry.

5. Conclusions

This research aims to obtain a sufficient number of rejuvenated sprouts to enhance the shooting and rooting ability of clonal material through stem-cutting and tissue culture methods. Our findings provide evidence that mature Acacia species are capable of coppicing naturally without any manipulation of environmental conditions, suggesting the possibility of rejuvenation through decapitation of tree trunks at a certain height level. Based on the findings, the following conclusion can be drawn: (1) Variation in the coppicing potential of selected Acacia sp., genotypes was primarily attributed to the provenance origin of the stock plant and progenies. (2) A. crassicarpa did not respond to any of the treatments for all parameters tested and was recorded as the most difficult species to coppice. (3) Tree trunks decapitated at 1.5 m above ground level displayed good coppicing ability in terms of shooting percentage, shoot number, and the number of leaves. (4) Stumps decapitated at 1.0 m above ground level produced significantly longer and girthy shoots. (5) Basal sprouts from matured tree stumps showed signs of juvenility with vigorous growth and enhanced adventitious rooting ability. As a whole, the data indicated that there is a possibility to rejuvenate mature cuttings through coppicing for the sustainable production of planting materials of Acacia species selected from mature elite individuals. However, further study is needed on the modification of techniques to induce coppice from elite trees of A. crassicarpa since they do not coppice well.

Author Contributions

Writing—original draft preparation, conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, S.K.M.; writing—review and editing, validation, resources, supervision, project administration, N.M.; writing—review and editing, funding acquisition, F.F.M.A.; formal analysis, investigation, data curation, Y.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Faculty of Forestry and the Institute of Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, for providing facilities and supporting this research.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Forests 15 00009 g001
Figure 1. (A) Coppicing shoots from the mature stump of A. auriculiformis after 1 month (≤2–3 cm). (B) Coppicing shoots from the mature stump of A. auriculiformis after 3 months. (C) Coppicing shoots from the mature stump of A. mangium after 3 months. (D) Coppicing shoots from the mature stump of A. aulococarpa after 3 months.
Figure 1. (A) Coppicing shoots from the mature stump of A. auriculiformis after 1 month (≤2–3 cm). (B) Coppicing shoots from the mature stump of A. auriculiformis after 3 months. (C) Coppicing shoots from the mature stump of A. mangium after 3 months. (D) Coppicing shoots from the mature stump of A. aulococarpa after 3 months.
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Table 1. Details of the provenance and progenies planted in the study area.
Table 1. Details of the provenance and progenies planted in the study area.
SpeciesCSIRO Section NoProvenancesOriginLat (0° S)Long (0° E)Alt (m)
A. mangium18,249Captain Billy Road (CBR)QLD11° 41142° 42100
18,767Russell & Gap CK (R&GCK)QLD15° 52145° 1960
17,550Bansbech (B)PNG85° 03141° 1725
18,194SW of Boset WP (SWBWP)PNG71° 07141° 05100
A. auriculiformis17,966Buggy Creek (BC)QLD15° 52144° 53240
18,247Wenlock River (WR)QLD13° 05142° 51120
18,924Mibini (M)PNG85° 00141° 3818
18,932Bansbach (B)PNG85° 03141° 1725
A. crassicarpa17,944Claudie River (CR)QLD12° 48143° 1820
17,948Chilli Beach (CR)QLD12° 38143° 233
18,940Bimadebum WP (BMWP)PNG83° 08142° 0340
18,947Bensbach WP (BWP)PNG85° 03141° 1725
A. aulococarpa17,7393K S Mt Larcom (3KSML)QLD23° 05151° 0070
17,891Samford (S)QLD27° 17152° 5150
16,112W Morehead (WM)PNG84° 02141° 3430
16,995Arufi E Morehead WP (AEMWP)PNG84° 03141° 5525
Note: Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Queensland (OLD).
Table 2. Quantitative and qualitative traits selected to assess the superior growth of the potential plus trees in the plantation.
Table 2. Quantitative and qualitative traits selected to assess the superior growth of the potential plus trees in the plantation.
NoSelection CriteriaDescription
1Diameter at breast heightDiameter of the tree stem at breast height (1.3 m above the ground)
2HeightTotal height of the tree from above the ground to the top of the tree
3Clear bole height/merchantable heightHeight of the tree from the ground to the first branch of the crown
4Crown sizeDiameter of the crown (length from outermost branch of the crown from one end to the other on ground level)
5Number of stemNumber of stems produced from the base of the tree trunk
6The bole formscore categories (six-point score)—six (circular/round in cross section) to one (severe flute and excessive taper)
7The stem straightness Score categories (six-point score)—six (very straight) to one (crooked with severe bends and kinks)
8The forking abilityScore categories (six-point score)—six (single stem), five (fork > 6 m), four (fork at 4–6 m), three (fork at 2–4 m), two (fork < 2 m), and one (multiple leader)
9The branch size (BS)Score categories (four-point score)—four (<1/4 of the main stem), three (1/4 to 1/2 of the main stem), two (between 1/2 and 3/4 of the main stem), and one (between 3/4 and 1 of the main stem)
10The branch angle (BA)Score categories (four-point score)—four (angle between 65° and 90° to the main stem), three (angle between 45° and 65° to the main stem), two (angle between 25° and 45° to the main stem), and one (angle < 25° to the main stem)
Selected mature trees of Acacia species, namely, Acacia mangium, Acacia crassicarpa, Acacia auriculiformis, and Acacia aulococarpa were decapitated to a certain height level to induce coppicing from the collar and base of the trunk.
Table 3. Analysis of variance of some coppicing abilities of four mature Acacia species decapitated trunks.
Table 3. Analysis of variance of some coppicing abilities of four mature Acacia species decapitated trunks.
SpeciesSource of VariationdfSPSNSLSGNL
Acacia mangiumProvenance (P)30.51 ns1.58 ns4.53 *2.63 *1.50 ns
Height (H)176.19 *12.10 *1.21 *7.15 *5.40 *
(P) × (H)35.33 *0.43 ns1.39 ns0.84 ns0.11 ns
Acacia auriculiformisProvenance (P)35.16 *1.53 ns1.65 ns0.60 ns0.56 ns
Height (H)133.64 *28.30 *5.78 *35.93 *10.00 *
(P) × (H)31.21 ns0.76 ns1.23 ns1.38 ns0.59 ns
Acacia crassicarpaProvenance (P)30.67 ns1.38 ns1.41 ns1.45 ns1.38 ns
Height (H)12.00 ns1.04 ns1.37 ns0.91 ns1.03 ns
(P) × (H)3 0.67 ns1.03 ns1.26 ns1.88 ns1.04 ns
Acacia aulococarpaProvenance (P)32.98 *10.47 *3.50 *3.69 *4.26 *
Height (H)16.37 *9.56 *2.74 ns3.56 *12.78 *
(P) × (H)3 0.3 ns 2.63 ns 1.96 ns 2.34 ns 1.30 ns
Note: SP = Survival Percentage, SN = Shoot Number, SL = Shoot Length, SG = Shoot Girth, NL = Number of Leaves. * Significant at p < 0.05, ns = not significant at p < 0.05.
Table 4. Mean values of some coppicing abilities of four mature Acacia species decapitated trunks.
Table 4. Mean values of some coppicing abilities of four mature Acacia species decapitated trunks.
SpeciesSP (%)SNSL (cm)SG (mm)NL
Acacia mangium75.00 ± 4.17 b8.50 ± 0.43 b6.61 ± 0.33 a 3.14 ± 0.14 a18.05 ± 0.76 b
Acacia auriculiformis83.75 ± 3.60 a13.50 ± 0.64 a4.75 ± 0.26 b2.62 ± 0.15 b26.43 ± 1.12 a
Acacia crassicarpa1.67 ± 1.15 d0.03 ± 0.02 d0.09 ± 0.05 c0.02 ± 0.01 d0.07 ± 0.03 d
Acacia aulococarpa40.00 ± 4.30 c4.86 ± 0.46 c5.59 ± 0.53 b1.32 ± 0.14 c9.96 ± 0.86 c
Note: SP = Survival Percentage, SN = Shoot Number, SL = Shoot Length, SG = Shoot Girth, NL = Number of Leaves. Values are expressed in Mean ± Standard Error. Significant differences among species are indicated by different lowercase letters at (p < 0.05). Similar letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 based on the Duncan Multiple Range Test.
Table 5. Mean values of some coppicing abilities of decapitated trunks of four mature Acacia species provenances.
Table 5. Mean values of some coppicing abilities of decapitated trunks of four mature Acacia species provenances.
SpeciesProvenanceSP (%)SNSL (cm)SG (mm)NL
Acacia mangiumBensbach WP78.33 ± 4.01 ab7.10 ± 0.78 c5.44 ± 0.60 b3.11 ± 0.31 a15.60 ± 1.48 bc
SW of Boset WP75.00 ± 7.19 ab8.93 ± 0.95 c7.78 ± 0.67 a2.97 ± 0.28 ab17.80 ± 1.64 bc
Captain Billy Road71.67 ± 11.67 b9.53 ± 0.85 c7.74 ± 0.61 a3.76 ± 0.22 a19.00 ± 1.23 bc
Russel & Gap CK75.00 ± 10.57 ab8.43 ± 0.84 c5.49 ± 0.63 b2.72 ± 0.31 abc19.80 ± 1.63 b
Acacia auriculiformisMibini85.00 ± 7.19 ab13.87 ± 1.16 ab5.49 ± 0.53 b2.67 ± 0.30 abc24.77 ± 1.62 a
Bansbach90.00 ± 6.83 a15.27 ± 1.31 a3.96 ± 0.38 b2.72 ± 0.26 abc28.57 ± 2.00 a
Boggy Creek70.00 ± 8.56 b11.90 ± 1.29 b4.95 ± 0.64 b2.76 ± 0.37 abc25.73 ± 2.50 a
Wenlock River90.00 ± 3.65 a13.00 ± 1.33 ab4.59 ± 0.47 b2.31 ± 0.30 bc26.67 ± 2.70 a
Acacia crassicarpaBensbach WP3.33 ± 3.33 e0.07 ± 0.05 e0.16 ± 0.11 c0.02 ± 0.02 f0.13 ± 0.09 e
Bimadebum WP3.33 ± 3.33 e0.07 ± 0.05 e0.20 ± 0.14 c0.04 ± 0.03 f0.13 ± 0.09 e
Chilli Beach0.00 ± 0.00 e0.00 ± 0.00 e0.00 ± 0.00 c0.00 ± 0.00 f0.00 ± 0.00 e
Claudie River0.00 ± 0.00 e0.00 ± 0.00 e0.00 ± 0.00 c0.00 ± 0.00 f0.00 ± 0.00 e
Acacia aulococarpaArufi E Morehead
WP		50.00 ± 5.77 c8.43 ± 1.14 c8.19 ± 1.23 a1.95 ± 0.36 cd14.62 ± 1.91 c
W Morehead51.67 ± 7.03 c4.37 ± 0.87 d4.72 ± 1.01 b1.09 ± 0.25 e8.21 ± 1.68 d
3K S Mt Larcom30.00 ± 8.56 d3.67 ± 0.59 d5.09 ± 0.92 b1.41 ± 0.26 de9.83 ± 1.51 d
Samford28.33 ± 9.46 d2.97 ± 0.60 d4.30 ± 0.96 b0.82 ± 0.21 e7.27 ± 1.50 d
Note: SP = Survival Percentage, SN = Shoot Number, SL = Shoot Length, SG = Shoot Girth, NL = Number of Leaves. Values are expressed in Mean ± Standard Error. Significant differences among species are indicated by different lowercase letters at (p < 0.05). Similar letters are not significantly different at p < 0.05 based on the Duncan Multiple Range Test.
Table 6. Mean values of some coppicing abilities of four mature Acacia species at different height levels.
Table 6. Mean values of some coppicing abilities of four mature Acacia species at different height levels.
SpeciesStump Height (m)SP (%)SNSL (cm)SG (mm)NL
Acacia mangium1.058.33 ± 4.057.07 ± 0.646.95 ± 0.533.51 ± 0.2316.32 ± 1.18
1.591.67 ± 2.419.93 ± 0.526.27 ± 0.392.77 ± 0.1619.78 ± 0.90
Acacia auriculiformis1.071.67 ± 4.7410.45 ± 0.735.35 ± 0.403.43 ± 0.2123.00 ± 1.39
1.595.83 ± 0.0016.57 ± 0.904.15 ± 0.311.81 ± 0.1729.87 ± 1.64
Acacia crassicarpa1.00.00 ± 3.330.05 ± 0.030.14 ± 0.080.03 ± 0.020.10 ± 0.06
1.50.00 ± 2.290.02 ± 0.020.04 ± 0.040.01 ± 0.010.03 ± 0.03
Acacia aulococarpa1.030.83 ± 6.213.72 ± 0.666.39 ± 0.941.57 ± 0.247.18 ± 1.10
1.549.17 ± 4.846.00 ± 0.604.76 ± 0.471.07 ± 0.1312.83 ± 1.21
Total1.040.00 ± 4.545.32 ± 0.384.71 ± 0.342.13 ± 0.1411.65 ± 0.77
1.560.00 ± 5.678.13 ± 0.493.80 ± 0.231.42 ± 0.0915.65 ± 0.90
Note: SP = Survival Percentage, SN = Shoot Number, SL = Shoot Length, SG = Shoot Girth, NL = Number of Leaves. Values are expressed in Mean ± Standard Error.
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Muniandi, S.K.; Muhammad, N.; Md Ariff, F.F.; Taheri, Y. Coppicing Abilities of Decapitated Elite Tree Trunks of Selected Acacia Species Genotypes in Mixed-Species Plantation. Forests 2024, 15, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010009

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Muniandi SK, Muhammad N, Md Ariff FF, Taheri Y. Coppicing Abilities of Decapitated Elite Tree Trunks of Selected Acacia Species Genotypes in Mixed-Species Plantation. Forests. 2024; 15(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010009

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Muniandi, Sures Kumar, Norwati Muhammad, Farah Fazwa Md Ariff, and Yaghoob Taheri. 2024. "Coppicing Abilities of Decapitated Elite Tree Trunks of Selected Acacia Species Genotypes in Mixed-Species Plantation" Forests 15, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010009

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