Natural Factors Rather Than Anthropogenic Factors Control the Greenness Pattern of the Stable Tropical Forests on Hainan Island during 2000–2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Pre-Processing
2.2.1. Dataset
2.2.2. Land Use Data
2.2.3. Extraction of Forest NDVI
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Mann–Kendall Test and Theil–Sen Median Trend Analysis
2.3.2. Moran’s I
2.3.3. MGWR Model
2.3.4. BRT Model
3. Results
3.1. Spatiotemporal Pattern of NDVI
3.1.1. Temporal Pattern of NDVI
3.1.2. Spatial Trends of NDVI in Forests on Hainan Island
3.2. Spatial Heterogeneity of NDVI
3.2.1. Spatial Autocorrelation Test of NDVI
3.2.2. Comparative Analysis of the OLS, GWR and MGWR Models
3.2.3. Spatial Impacts of NDVI on Natural and Anthropogenic Factors
3.3. Nonlinear Response of Greenness Pattern to Driving Factors and Thresholds
3.4. Projected NDVI under Three SSP-RCP Scenarios
4. Discussion
4.1. Dynamics of Greenness Pattern in the Forests of Hainan Island
4.2. Response of Greenness Pattern to Natural Factors
4.3. The Implications of Anthropogenic Factors for Greenness Pattern
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Datasets | Time | Spatial | Source |
---|---|---|---|
POP | 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 | 1 km | https://www.resdc.cn/ (accessed on 3 June 2023) |
GDP | 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 | 1 km | https://www.resdc.cn/ (accessed on 6 June 2023) |
TEM | 2000–2019 | 1 km | https://www.geodata.cn/ (accessed on 12 May 2023) |
PRE | 2000–2019 | 1 km | https://www.geodata.cn/ (accessed on 24 July 2023) |
PAR | 2000–2019 | 5 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/ (accessed on 16 May 2023) |
SM | 2000–2019 | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/ (accessed on 5 June 2023) |
NDVI Change | Pixels | Proportion |
---|---|---|
Significant increase | 12,302 | 64.42% |
Significant decrease | 344 | 1.80% |
No significant change | 6451 | 33.78% |
Models | AICc | R2 | Adj. R2 |
---|---|---|---|
OLS | 28,194.124 | 0.423 | 0.423 |
GWR | 10,616.473 | 0.906 | 0.887 |
MGWR | 9286.789 | 0.929 | 0.909 |
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Zheng, B.; Yu, R. Natural Factors Rather Than Anthropogenic Factors Control the Greenness Pattern of the Stable Tropical Forests on Hainan Island during 2000–2019. Forests 2024, 15, 1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081334
Zheng B, Yu R. Natural Factors Rather Than Anthropogenic Factors Control the Greenness Pattern of the Stable Tropical Forests on Hainan Island during 2000–2019. Forests. 2024; 15(8):1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081334
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Binbin, and Rui Yu. 2024. "Natural Factors Rather Than Anthropogenic Factors Control the Greenness Pattern of the Stable Tropical Forests on Hainan Island during 2000–2019" Forests 15, no. 8: 1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081334