A Survey of Organic Carbon Stocks in Mineral Soils of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Plantations under Mediterranean Climate Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Soil Sampling
2.2. SOC Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. SOC and C Stock by Lithology Group (Bedrock)
3.2. SOC and C Stock by Reference Soil Group (Soil Type)
3.3. Major Drivers for Soil C Stock
4. Discussion
4.1. C Stored in Eucalypt Stands and the Influence of Mediterranean Climate Conditions
4.2. SOC Stock and Soil Variability
4.3. Methodological Considerations
4.4. The Effect of Management Practices on SOC Stock and Further Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bedrock ID | Bedrock | N | Particle Size Distribution (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coarse Fraction (>2 mm) | Fine Fraction (<2 mm) | Fine Fraction (<2 mm) Classes | Bulk Density (g cm−3) | ||||||
Coarse Sand | Fine Sand | Silt | Clay | ||||||
1 | Alluvium | 29 | 35.9 | 64.1 | 29.7 | 36.8 | 24.2 | 9.4 | 1.28 |
2 | Sands and gravel | 17 | 34.0 | 66.0 | 30.4 | 41.6 | 15.8 | 12.2 | 1.36 |
3 | Sands, pebbles, poorly consolidated sandstones, clays | 298 | 25.2 | 74.8 | 50.4 | 27.5 | 13.0 | 9.1 | 1.32 |
4 | Arcose sandstones and sandstones | 9 | 35.0 | 65.0 | 55.5 | 26.6 | 8.0 | 9.9 | 1.18 |
5 | Sandstones, more or less marly limestones, sands, gravel, clays | 278 | 31.9 | 68.1 | 55.5 | 26.6 | 8.0 | 9.9 | 1.35 |
6 | Sandstones, conglomerates, limestones, dolomitic limestones, marly limestones, marls | 34 | 30.9 | 69.1 | 63.3 | 22.1 | 6.2 | 8.3 | 1.26 |
7 | Basalts | 2 | 50.3 | 49.7 | 43.5 | 25.0 | 11.7 | 19.8 | 1.15 |
8 | Limestones, dolomitic limestones, marly limestones, marls | 11 | 29.0 | 71.0 | 86.1 | 11.2 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 1.38 |
9 | Plateau gravel pits, Beira Baixa arches, sandstones, limestones | 24 | 29.4 | 70.6 | 43.1 | 32.3 | 13.5 | 11.0 | 1.24 |
10 | Conglomerates, sandstones, white limestones, reddish marls | 5 | 17.0 | 83.0 | 31.7 | 32.6 | 13.2 | 22.5 | 1.34 |
11 | Conglomerates, sandstones, limestones, dolomitic limestones, marly limestones, marls | 36 | 20.1 | 79.9 | 31.7 | 32.6 | 13.2 | 22.5 | 1.29 |
12 | Conglomerates, coal shales, clay shales | 9 | 43.8 | 56.2 | 25.1 | 23.4 | 30.9 | 20.6 | 1.07 |
13 | Dolerites | 4 | 44.5 | 55.5 | 43.5 | 25.0 | 11.7 | 19.8 | 1.36 |
14 | Dunes and aeolian sands | 1 | 10.0 | 90.0 | 50.0 | 47.4 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.45 |
15 | Granites and similar rocks | 225 | 27.7 | 72.3 | 46.8 | 31.1 | 12.4 | 9.7 | 1.15 |
16 | Red sandstones (from Silves), conglomerates, marls, limestones generally dolomitic | 3 | 30.7 | 69.3 | 31.7 | 32.6 | 13.2 | 22.5 | 1.27 |
17 | Metavolcanites | 39 | 33.2 | 66.8 | 33.2 | 25.3 | 25.7 | 15.9 | 1.28 |
18 | Granite porphyries | 1 | 61.8 | 38.2 | 46.8 | 31.1 | 12.4 | 9.7 | 1.35 |
19 | Quartziferous porphyries | 2 | 31.0 | 69.0 | 48.2 | 31.6 | 12.1 | 8.1 | 1.34 |
20 | Quartzites | 64 | 51.2 | 48.8 | 22.8 | 35.4 | 24.6 | 17.1 | 1.14 |
21 | Quartzdiorites | 4 | 40.5 | 59.5 | 59.6 | 24.0 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 1.44 |
22 | Nepheline syenites | 2 | 13.0 | 87.0 | 46.8 | 31.1 | 12.4 | 9.7 | 1.28 |
23 | Clay shale, greywacke, sandstone | 438 | 46.4 | 53.6 | 27.2 | 26.1 | 22.8 | 24.0 | 1.22 |
24 | Schists, amphibolites, mica schists, greywacke quartzites, carbonate rocks, gneisses | 19 | 41.7 | 58.3 | 23.5 | 40.2 | 22.5 | 13.9 | 1.23 |
25 | Shale, greywacke | 228 | 50.3 | 49.7 | 28.9 | 38.1 | 19.4 | 13.6 | 1.14 |
26 | Shale, greywacke (shale–greywacke complex) | 682 | 46.5 | 53.5 | 22.7 | 32.2 | 30.9 | 14.3 | 1.10 |
27 | Shales, quartzites, amphibolites | 4 | 48.0 | 52.0 | 47.3 | 24.3 | 12.8 | 15.7 | 1.39 |
Reference Soil Group | N | Bulk Density (g cm−3) | Fine Fraction (<2 mm) (%) | Clay Fraction (<0.002 mm) (%) | SOC (g kg−1) | C Stock (t ha−1) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Q25 | Q75 | Mean | Q25 | Q75 | Mean | Q25 | Q75 | Mean | Q25 | Q75 | Mean | Q25 | Q75 | ||
Cambic Calcisols | 22 | 1.22 | 1.16 | 1.29 | 73.8 | 69.0 | 85.0 | 13.9 | 8.3 | 22.5 | 21.7 | 14.3 | 28.4 | 53.7 | 39.5 | 67.2 |
Chromic Cambisols | 30 | 1.29 | 1.23 | 1.36 | 70.7 | 58.4 | 83.4 | 16.3 | 8.3 | 22.5 | 14.8 | 9.8 | 18.4 | 36.9 | 24.5 | 49.0 |
Leptic Calcaric Regosols/Calcaric Chromic Cambisols * | 7 | 1.36 | 1.27 | 1.43 | 57.7 | 56.0 | 56.0 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 5.5 | 17.4 | 22.7 | 13.2 | 36.9 |
Dystric Cambisols | 36 | 1.34 | 1.31 | 1.41 | 69.5 | 62.0 | 85.0 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 11.4 | 6.0 | 13.7 | 28.5 | 13.4 | 35.4 |
Eutric Cambisols | 99 | 1.36 | 1.31 | 1.41 | 69.8 | 62.0 | 81.7 | 10.8 | 9.1 | 9.9 | 10.4 | 6.0 | 13.0 | 26.3 | 15.3 | 34.3 |
Leptic Cambisols (Humic) | 751 | 1.06 | 0.97 | 1.12 | 57.2 | 40.0 | 72.3 | 13.1 | 9.7 | 14.3 | 41.6 | 30.2 | 52.3 | 63.8 | 39.6 | 84.0 |
Eutric Fluvisols | 3 | 1.01 | 0.93 | 1.18 | 56.0 | 56.0 | 56.0 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 52.5 | 25.6 | 65.9 | 90.7 | 50.7 | 110.7 |
Eutric Leptosols/Eutric Lithosols * | 664 | 1.21 | 1.14 | 1.31 | 53.6 | 41.6 | 63.3 | 17.5 | 14.3 | 24.0 | 22.1 | 12.0 | 27.0 | 30.6 | 17.0 | 41.0 |
Leptic Ferric Luvisols/Ferric Luvisols * | 28 | 1.26 | 1.17 | 1.35 | 50.9 | 51.7 | 52.0 | 19.1 | 13.6 | 24.0 | 17.0 | 9.3 | 22.9 | 28.4 | 18.8 | 37.9 |
Albic Gleyic Luvisols | 10 | 1.38 | 1.36 | 1.40 | 77.1 | 69.0 | 90.0 | 11.7 | 9.1 | 13.6 | 8.4 | 6.4 | 9.8 | 21.3 | 14.3 | 28.6 |
Leptic Luvisols/Orthic Luvisols * | 244 | 1.22 | 1.17 | 1.28 | 57.6 | 51.2 | 66.7 | 21.6 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 19.8 | 14.1 | 23.7 | 36.4 | 23.7 | 46.5 |
Chromic Leptic Luvisols /Rhodochromic Luvisols * | 9 | 1.26 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 37.6 | 30.0 | 40.0 | 15.6 | 13.6 | 17.1 | 16.7 | 13.1 | 22.4 | 19.1 | 11.7 | 30.4 |
Calcic Chromic Luvisols | 15 | 1.29 | 1.22 | 1.36 | 69.5 | 60.0 | 78.4 | 15.1 | 9.4 | 22.5 | 15.3 | 8.2 | 20.2 | 37.7 | 23.8 | 59.8 |
Vertic Luvisols | 3 | 1.43 | 1.41 | 1.44 | 52.0 | 52.0 | 52.0 | 11.7 | 7.9 | 13.6 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 11.5 |
Umbric Podzols/Orthic Podzols * | 542 | 1.34 | 1.28 | 1.42 | 71.6 | 62.0 | 85.0 | 9.9 | 9.1 | 9.9 | 12.1 | 5.8 | 15.5 | 29.8 | 17.0 | 36.4 |
Leptosols/Rankers * | 2 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 61.0 | 49.7 | 72.3 | 11.7 | 9.7 | 13.6 | 45.8 | 45.8 | 45.8 | 83.9 | 68.4 | 99.4 |
Plintic Luvisols | 1 | 1.32 | - | - | 60.0 | - | - | 24.0 | - | - | 10.8 | - | - | 25.7 | - | - |
Eutric Leptic Regosols | 1 | 1.41 | - | - | 90.0 | - | - | 9.9 | - | - | 6.4 | - | - | 17.4 | - | - |
Endosalic Gleysols/Gleyic Solonchaks * | 1 | 1.35 | - | - | 95.0 | - | - | 9.9 | - | - | 10.5 | - | - | 40.5 | - | - |
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Quintela, A.; Ferreira, D.; Fabres, S.; Coutinho, J. A Survey of Organic Carbon Stocks in Mineral Soils of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Plantations under Mediterranean Climate Conditions. Forests 2024, 15, 1335. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081335
Quintela A, Ferreira D, Fabres S, Coutinho J. A Survey of Organic Carbon Stocks in Mineral Soils of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Plantations under Mediterranean Climate Conditions. Forests. 2024; 15(8):1335. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081335
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuintela, Ana, Daniela Ferreira, Sérgio Fabres, and João Coutinho. 2024. "A Survey of Organic Carbon Stocks in Mineral Soils of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Plantations under Mediterranean Climate Conditions" Forests 15, no. 8: 1335. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081335