Ecophysiology of Mediterranean Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Forests: Effects of Pruning Studied through an Advanced IoT System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
- −
- Intense pruning, with the removal of the 1st order branches or topping,
- −
- Medium pruning, with the removal of the 2nd order branches,
- −
- Low pruning, with the removal of the 3rd order branches or topping,
- −
- No pruning, which was the control.
2.2. The Tree Talker System
- −
- Air relative humidity (%) and air temperature (°C) were measured by a thermo-hygrometer.
- −
- −
- Canopy light transmission was measured by a spectrometer at 12 spectral bands (450, 500, 550, 570, 600, 610, 650, 680, 730, 760, 810, and 860 nm).
2.3. Measurement of Sap Flow and VPD
2.4. Light-Use Efficiency for Estimating Net Primary Productivity
2.5. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Foliage Health
2.6. Data Processing, Gaps Filling, and Test of Significance
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sap Flow
3.2. Net Primary Productivity
3.3. NDVI and Foliage Health
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tree Code | Pruning Intensity | Diameter (cm) | Basal Stem Area A(Stem) (m2) | Sapwood Area A(Sap) (m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | Intense | 31.83 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
A2 | Intense | 47.43 | 0.18 | 0.05 |
A3 | Intense | 52.20 | 0.21 | 0.06 |
A4 | Intense | 46.15 | 0.17 | 0.05 |
B1 | Medium | 44.56 | 0.16 | 0.04 |
B2 | Medium | 46.15 | 0.17 | 0.05 |
B3 | Medium | 38.83 | 0.12 | 0.03 |
B4 | Medium | 49.97 | 0.20 | 0.06 |
C1 | Low | 45.20 | 0.16 | 0.05 |
C2 | Low | 48.70 | 0.19 | 0.05 |
C3 | Low | 49.02 | 0.19 | 0.05 |
C4 | Low | 55.70 | 0.24 | 0.07 |
D1 | Control | 41.70 | 0.14 | 0.04 |
D2 | Control | 32.79 | 0.08 | 0.03 |
D3 | Control | 44.88 | 0.16 | 0.05 |
Date | Control (No Pruning) | Low Pruning | Medium Pruning | Intense Pruning | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | |
1st May | 0.89 | 0.62 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 0.79 | 0.68 | 0.73 | 0.74 |
15th May | 0.75 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.72 | 0.76 | 0.78 | 0.73 |
1st June | 0.81 | 0.68 | 0.87 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.82 | 0.76 |
15th June | 0.79 | 0.70 | 0.81 | 0.73 | 0.82 | 0.92 | 0.81 | 0.75 |
1st July | 0.89 | 0.67 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.88 | 0.73 | 0.60 | 0.70 |
15th July | 0.83 | 0.58 | 0.86 | 0.66 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.64 | 0.69 |
1st August | 0.87 | 0.69 | 0.92 | 0.70 | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.54 | 0.76 |
15th August | 0.90 | 0.77 | 0.91 | 0.64 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.52 | 0.71 |
1st September | 0.73 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.70 | 0.81 | 0.64 | 0.85 | 0.69 |
15th September | 0.85 | 0.61 | 0.86 | 0.59 | 0.85 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.63 |
1st October | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.60 |
15th October | 0.70 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.56 |
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Chiriacò, M.V.; Samad, N.; Magnani, F.; Vianello, G.; Vittori-Antisari, L.; Mazzoli, I.; Ranieri, R.; Valentini, R. Ecophysiology of Mediterranean Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Forests: Effects of Pruning Studied through an Advanced IoT System. Forests 2024, 15, 1579. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091579
Chiriacò MV, Samad N, Magnani F, Vianello G, Vittori-Antisari L, Mazzoli I, Ranieri R, Valentini R. Ecophysiology of Mediterranean Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Forests: Effects of Pruning Studied through an Advanced IoT System. Forests. 2024; 15(9):1579. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091579
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiriacò, Maria Vincenza, Nafeesa Samad, Federico Magnani, Gilmo Vianello, Livia Vittori-Antisari, Ilaria Mazzoli, Roberto Ranieri, and Riccardo Valentini. 2024. "Ecophysiology of Mediterranean Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Forests: Effects of Pruning Studied through an Advanced IoT System" Forests 15, no. 9: 1579. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091579