Interplay of Environmental Shifts and Anthropogenic Factors with Vegetation Dynamics in the Ulan Buh Desert over the Past Three Decades
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Processing
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Formula Application
3. Results
3.1. Annual NDVI from 1989 to 2019
3.2. Correlations between NDVI and Climatic Factors
3.3. Human Activities and Land Use Changes
4. Discussion
4.1. Climate Change and Vegetation Cover Dynamics
4.2. Human Activities and Vegetation Cover Dynamics
4.3. Land Planning and Management Implications
4.4. Limitations and Reflections on Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | Date | Temporal Resolution | No. Images | Product Name |
---|---|---|---|---|
NDVI | 1989–2019 | 16 days | 124 | Landsat 4-5TM and Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS Satellite digital products |
Precipitation | 1989–2019 | Monthly | 372 | Basic Meteorological Observation Data on the Ground in China |
Temperature | 1989–2019 | Monthly | 372 | Basic Meteorological Observation Data on the Ground in China |
Wind speed | 1989–2019 | Monthly | 372 | Basic Meteorological Observation Data on the Ground in China |
Sunshine | 1989–2019 | Monthly | 372 | Basic Meteorological Observation Data on the Ground in China |
DEM | Phase I | Phase I | 9 | ASTER GDEM 30M resolution digital elevation data |
Land cover | 1989–2019 | Annually | 124 | Landsat 4-5TM and Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS Satellite digital products |
Population | 1995–2019 | - | 6 | China Population Spatial Distribution Kilometer Grid Dataset |
Period | Types | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 187.4718 | 1.3122 | 0.0018 | 2.3103 | 0.0027 | 1.8387 | 19.341 | 0.0081 | |
2 | 9.8595 | 6470.1162 | 0.0216 | 30.6315 | 16.5411 | 114.1785 | 4.3128 | 12.2472 | |
1989 | 3 | 0.0009 | 0.0153 | 57.2535 | 0.3573 | 0.0072 | 0.0567 | 0.0108 | 0.0036 |
– | 4 | 1.6128 | 5.1129 | 1.1016 | 441.5679 | 0.261 | 24.0867 | 0.3096 | 3.7755 |
2004 | 5 | 0.0666 | 0.0684 | 0.4032 | 0.7713 | 107.1261 | 2.1555 | 0.0315 | 0.828 |
6 | 7.4376 | 15.1893 | 0.4842 | 30.9465 | 0.9378 | 1748.4813 | 118.1268 | 6.2316 | |
7 | 4.9626 | 0.441 | 0.0153 | 8.0739 | 2.2779 | 129.2499 | 4337.5842 | 1.4679 | |
8 | 1.5183 | 6.8679 | 0.0036 | 0.9612 | 0.2808 | 4.8285 | 0.6012 | 244.584 | |
1 | 79.1739 | 24.5601 | 5.5755 | 74.8926 | 0.7641 | 17.7984 | 5.6547 | 4.5108 | |
2 | 3.3273 | 5289.6438 | 35.5545 | 290.6235 | 35.3403 | 427.7034 | 381.933 | 35.0082 | |
2004 | 3 | 0.0063 | 0.2097 | 25.4331 | 25.6842 | 0.0504 | 4.0842 | 0.3078 | 3.5091 |
– | 4 | 0.8721 | 4.5189 | 1.4598 | 495.1278 | 0.5382 | 8.6301 | 3.7845 | 0.6966 |
2019 | 5 | 0.0711 | 10.3284 | 0.1602 | 6.6627 | 93.5892 | 13.482 | 1.9017 | 1.2402 |
6 | 13.77 | 32.3424 | 8.829 | 84.0168 | 7.4034 | 1811.9205 | 51.8625 | 14.7312 | |
7 | 3.9429 | 9.9234 | 14.2101 | 38.0421 | 3.4767 | 370.5606 | 4035.1122 | 5.0508 | |
8 | 2.4111 | 5.2371 | 1.332 | 28.2789 | 0.1071 | 11.6523 | 27.8037 | 192.3237 |
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Liu, Y.; Qin, F.; Li, L.; Yang, Z.; Tang, P.; Yang, L.; Tian, T. Interplay of Environmental Shifts and Anthropogenic Factors with Vegetation Dynamics in the Ulan Buh Desert over the Past Three Decades. Forests 2024, 15, 1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091583
Liu Y, Qin F, Li L, Yang Z, Tang P, Yang L, Tian T. Interplay of Environmental Shifts and Anthropogenic Factors with Vegetation Dynamics in the Ulan Buh Desert over the Past Three Decades. Forests. 2024; 15(9):1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091583
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yanqi, Fucang Qin, Long Li, Zhenqi Yang, Pengcheng Tang, Liangping Yang, and Tian Tian. 2024. "Interplay of Environmental Shifts and Anthropogenic Factors with Vegetation Dynamics in the Ulan Buh Desert over the Past Three Decades" Forests 15, no. 9: 1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091583