Wireless Wave Attenuation in Forests: An Overview of Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methods
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Analysis
- -
- The term “Jungle” was mentioned only twice, indicating that it is not a commonly used keyword in current literature, and research on jungle-specific forest communication, prediction, and electromagnetic wave transmission is relatively scarce.
- -
- “Propagation” and “Forest” are the most frequently occurring keywords, mentioned 69 and 68 times, respectively. This suggests that they are central concepts in the field of forest electromagnetic wave propagation. “Electromagnetic Wave” appeared 17 times and “Forest communication” 15 times, indicating their relative importance in the research, though not as primary focuses. By contrast, “Wireless communication” (eleven mentions), “Foliage” (nine mentions), and “Wood” (six mentions) are less frequently mentioned, possibly indicating a lower focus on these terms in forest electromagnetic wave propagation research.
4.2. Thematic Analysis
4.2.1. Forest Equivalent Model Research
4.2.2. Empirical Formulas and Models
4.2.3. Hybrid Formulas and Models
5. Discussion
5.1. Model Characteristics and Practical Applications
5.2. Complex and Adverse Forest Environments
5.3. Main Research Bands for Electromagnetic Wave Transmission in Forests
5.4. Applications of Electromagnetic Attenuation Principles in Forestry Operations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Regional Description | Ground Quality | Conductivity σ (S/m) | Regional Description Ea |
---|---|---|---|
Urban, Industrial Areas | Very Poor | 0.001 | 5 |
Sandy, Dry, Flat, Coastal Areas | Poor | 0.002 | 10 |
Rocky Soil, Steep Hills, Typical Mountains | Poor | 0.002 | 13 |
Pastoral, Mid-Hills, Plantations, Heavy Clay | Good | 0.005 | 13 |
Pastoral Idyll, Low Hills, Fertile Soil | Very Good | 0.0303 | 20 |
Saltwater | Very Good | 5.0 | 81 |
Model | Empirical Formula | Frequency Band | Data |
---|---|---|---|
M. A. Weissberger [47] | LF MF HF VHF UHF | 1982 | |
ITU-R [50] | VHF UHF SHF | 1986 | |
R. K. Tewari [46] | UHF | 1990 | |
COST235 [58] | VHF UHF SHF | 1995 | |
FITU-R [59] | VHF UHF SHF | 1998 | |
J. Goldman [48] | VHF UHF | 1999 | |
Z. Kovacs [49] | VHF UHF | 1999 | |
H. Chen [40] | UHF | 2001 | |
N. Blaunstein [41] | VHF UHF | 2003 |
Model | Empirical Formula | Frequency Band | Date |
---|---|---|---|
Meng [22] | VHF UHF | 2009 | |
C. Oestges [56] | UHF | 2009 | |
LITU [32] | VHF | 2009 | |
M. Bitirgan+Friis [51] | UHF | 2011 | |
J. A. R. Azevedo [60] | UHF | 2011 | |
C. R. Anderson [52] | UHF SHF | 2013 | |
J. A. Azevedo [66] | UHF | 2015 | |
J. A. Azevedo [53] | SHF UHF | 2016 | |
ITU-R P.833-9 [55] | VHF UHF SHF | 2016 | |
ITU-RP.833-9 MA [55] | VHF UHF SHF | 2016 | |
NZG [55] | VHF UHF SHF | 2016 | |
Y. Ibdah [54] | UHF | 2017 | |
J. Hejselbaek [29] | UHF | 2018 | |
J. R. Hampton [9] | UHF | 2019 | |
B. Myagmardulam [27] | UHF | 2021 | |
ITU-R P.2108 [69] | VHF UHF SHF | 2021 | |
ITU-R P.833-10 [70] | VHF UHF SHF | 2021 |
Name | Frequency Range | Terrain | Citations | Reported Loss/Attenuation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Herbstreit | VHF | Jungle | [23] | Up to 100 dB, especially in areas with dense jungle vegetation |
Weissberger | Various | Jungle | [47] | Loss values ranging from 10–60 dB, depending on frequency and forest density |
Tewari | VHF | Jungle | [46] | 60–70 dB in dense rainforest conditions, with significant variations based on foliage density |
Gans | VHF/UHF | Mountain forest | [89] | 30–50 dB, with higher losses in more rugged terrains |
Meng | 40 MHz to 1400 MHz | Jungle | [90] | 100–120 dB for different frequencies, with higher losses at higher frequencies |
Phaiboon | 1.8 GHz | Suburban forest | [91] | 50–60 dB with higher losses in denser tree environments |
Meng | Near-ground, 40 MHz to 2.4 GHz | rainforest | [32] | 50–80 dB, with lower frequencies showing better penetration |
Olufemi | UHF Band | Jungle | [36] | Up to 20 dB higher loss in the wet season compared to the dry season |
Ibdah | VHF/UHF | Suburban forest | [54] | Losses around 30–40 dB for low-height antennas in denser forests |
Dias | 25, 60, 81 MHz | rainforest | [92] | 50–120 dB depending on frequency; mean error: ≤3.0 dB. Standard deviation: ≤4.3 dB |
Pal | 2.4 GHz | Farm | [93] | 40–50 dB depending on tree density and foliage conditions |
Zhang | 200 to 2600 (MHz) | Suburban forest | [94] | Shadow fading std dev: 4.8–10.1 dB |
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Ma, Y.; Li, W.; Han, D.; He, Y.; Li, Q.; Bai, X.; Xu, D. Wireless Wave Attenuation in Forests: An Overview of Models. Forests 2024, 15, 1587. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091587
Ma Y, Li W, Han D, He Y, Li Q, Bai X, Xu D. Wireless Wave Attenuation in Forests: An Overview of Models. Forests. 2024; 15(9):1587. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091587
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Yuewei, Wenbin Li, Dongtao Han, Yuan He, Qingsong Li, Xiaopeng Bai, and Daochun Xu. 2024. "Wireless Wave Attenuation in Forests: An Overview of Models" Forests 15, no. 9: 1587. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091587