Performance Properties and Finite Element Modelling of Forest-Based Bionanomaterials/Activated Carbon Composite Film for Sustainable Future
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose/Activated Carbon Composite Films
2.3. Measurements and Characterization
2.4. Numerical Modeling
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Numerical Modelling and Mechanical Properties of the Composite Films
3.2. Thermal Conductivity of the Composite Films
3.3. Thermal Stability of the Composite Films
3.4. Viscoelastic Properties of the Composite Films
3.5. Morphological Properties of the Composite Films
4. Conclusions
- It was observed that tensile strength decreased and elongation at break increased as the amount of activated carbon increased in the composite formulations. Thus, the mechanical properties of HEC are improved by obtaining a more flexible material with the addition of activated carbon.
- The thermal conductivity of the composites reached its highest value with the use of 1 wt.% activated carbon. No significant change was observed in thermal conductivity values by adding more activated carbon.
- It was observed that the char yield of the composites increased together with the increase in the activated carbon ratio in the composites. The increase in char yield prevents the flame from passing into the inner parts of the material and increases the resistance of the material to burning. In this respect, activated carbon has improved the thermal properties.
- The dynamic mechanical analysis results showed that as the activated carbon content increased, the storage modules increased, the glass transition temperature decreased and the optimum activated carbon content was 3%.
- SEM images show that the activated carbon additive is distributed homogeneously in the resulting composite films.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Density, ρ (g/cm3) | Modulus of Elasticity, E (GPa) | Poisson’s Ratio, ν |
---|---|---|---|
HEC | 1.067 | 0.2225 | 0.35 |
AC | 0.5 | 10 | 0.3 |
Modulus of Elasticity, E (MPa) | Poisson’s Ratio, ν | |
---|---|---|
F2 (1 wt.%) | 237.93 | 0.347 |
F3 (3 wt.%) | 263.30 | 0.343 |
F4 (5 wt.%) | 292.63 | 0.335 |
Sample | Activated Carbon Content (wt.%) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) | Elongation at Break (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | 0 | 12.39 ± 0.17 | 232.5 ± 5.4 | 13.28 ± 0.03 |
F2 | 1 | 6.73 ± 0.07 | 123.1 ± 3.2 | 11.91 ± 0.06 |
F3 | 3 | 7.33 ± 0.05 | 168.3 ± 4.8 | 10.63 ± 0.09 |
F4 | 5 | 7.94 ± 0.07 | 131.2 ± 3.1 | 14.33 ± 0.05 |
Samples | Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) |
---|---|
F1 | 0.051 |
F2 | 0.650 |
F3 | 0.681 |
F4 | 0.683 |
Samples | T10% (°C) | Max. Weight Loss (°C) | Char Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|
F1 | 171.65 | 346.56 | 14.21 |
F2 | 266.52 | 335.35 | 19.02 |
F3 | 266.15 | 328.20 | 20.69 |
F4 | 269.31 | 331.52 | 21.33 |
Samples | Initial Storage Modulus (MPa) 30 °C | E′ (MPa) 50 °C | E′ (MPa) 100 °C | E′ (MPa) 150 °C | Tg (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | 23.83 | 7.59 | 3.41 | 3.35 | 144.71 |
F2 | 16.89 | 7.99 | 4.85 | 4.15 | 136.37 |
F3 | 206.13 | 40.70 | 19.37 | 5.03 | 108.12 |
F4 | 184.24 | 31.51 | 16.80 | 2.82 | 110.87 |
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Zor, M.; Şen, F.; Özçelik, O.; Yazıcı, H.; Candan, Z. Performance Properties and Finite Element Modelling of Forest-Based Bionanomaterials/Activated Carbon Composite Film for Sustainable Future. Forests 2024, 15, 1591. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091591
Zor M, Şen F, Özçelik O, Yazıcı H, Candan Z. Performance Properties and Finite Element Modelling of Forest-Based Bionanomaterials/Activated Carbon Composite Film for Sustainable Future. Forests. 2024; 15(9):1591. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091591
Chicago/Turabian StyleZor, Mustafa, Ferhat Şen, Orhan Özçelik, Hikmet Yazıcı, and Zeki Candan. 2024. "Performance Properties and Finite Element Modelling of Forest-Based Bionanomaterials/Activated Carbon Composite Film for Sustainable Future" Forests 15, no. 9: 1591. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091591