Spatiotemporal Dynamics Effects of Green Space and Socioeconomic Factors on Urban Agglomeration in Central Yunnan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methodological Framework
2.3. Data Collection and Research Methods
2.3.1. Data Collection and Processing
2.3.2. Extraction of Principal Components
2.3.3. Geographically Weighted Regression
3. Dynamics of Green Spaces in Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration
3.1. Green Space Differences Based on Overall Spatiotemporal Scale
3.2. Green Space Differences Based on District (County) Scale
3.2.1. Temporal Variations in Green Spaces: A Comprehensive Analysis
3.2.2. Variability in Green Space across Multiple Temporal Scales
4. Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Spatial–Temporal Differences in Green Space Evolution
4.1. Influence of Socioeconomic Factors
4.2. Spatial Impact Differences for Major Socioeconomic Factors
4.2.1. Urbanization Rate
4.2.2. Fiscal Revenue
4.2.3. Agricultural Population
4.2.4. Proportion of Secondary Industry
4.2.5. Fiscal Expenditure
4.2.6. Total Output Value of Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry, and Fishery Industries
5. Discussion
5.1. Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Green Space Evolution
5.2. Analysis of Driving Factors of Greenspace
5.3. Potential Applications and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KMO | 0.823 | 0.816 | 0.845 | 0.821 | 0.826 |
Year | Principal Component | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | ||||||||||||||
Index | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | |
Characteristic value | 5.639 | 7.118 | 7.159 | 7.493 | 7.001 | 7.001 | 3.159 | 3.250 | 3.259 | 2.979 | 2.031 | 1.213 | 1.214 | 1.173 | 1.175 | |
Contribution rate | 40.278 | 50.840 | 51.135 | 53.520 | 50.008 | 50.008 | 22.565 | 23.212 | 23.280 | 21.278 | 14.508 | 8.666 | 8.671 | 8.375 | 8.392 | |
Cumulative contribution rate | 40.278 | 50.840 | 51.135 | 53.520 | 50.008 | 50.008 | 73.405 | 74.348 | 76.800 | 71.286 | 78.186 | 82.071 | 83.018 | 85.175 | 79.678 | |
Principal component factor load | The population density (People/km2) | 0.745 | 0.878 | 0.864 | 0.850 | 0.851 | −0.401 | 0.878 | −0.032 | 0.030 | 0.005 | 0.396 | 0.323 | 0.307 | 0.252 | 0.283 |
The agricultural population (Ten thousand people) | −0.336 | −0.155 | −0.177 | −0.279 | −0.325 | 0.703 | −0.155 | 0.961 | 0.919 | 0.884 | 0.581 | 0.068 | 0.061 | 0.034 | 0.093 | |
The urbanization rate (%) | 0.938 | 0.913 | 0.936 | 0.929 | 0.931 | −0.144 | 0.913 | −0.087 | 0.007 | 0.036 | 0.056 | −0.062 | −0.072 | 0.000 | 0.062 | |
GDP (100 m ¥) | 0.381 | 0.880 | 0.912 | 0.898 | 0.924 | 0.632 | 0.880 | 0.161 | 0.211 | 0.213 | −0.326 | −0.115 | 0.077 | 0.057 | 0.025 | |
The proportion of the primary industry (%) | −0.803 | −0.852 | −0.835 | −0.856 | −0.847 | −0.312 | −0.852 | −0.094 | 0.031 | 0.123 | 0.233 | 0.430 | 0.485 | 0.432 | 0.280 | |
The proportion of the second industry (%) | 0.171 | 0.478 | 0.430 | 0.451 | 0.276 | 0.665 | 0.478 | 0.325 | 0.064 | 0.085 | −0.501 | −0.765 | −0.760 | −0.856 | −0.901 | |
The gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animals, husbandry, and fishery (100 m ¥) | −0.267 | −0.033 | −0.209 | −0.286 | −0.431 | 0.787 | −0.033 | 0.853 | 0.813 | 0.817 | 0.415 | 0.248 | 0.177 | −0.015 | 0.073 | |
The grain output (Ton) | −0.258 | −0.206 | −0.232 | −0.359 | −0.346 | 0.749 | −0.206 | 0.953 | 0.903 | 0.882 | 0.477 | 0.132 | 0.085 | 0.019 | 0.014 | |
The fiscal revenue (100 m ¥) | 0.929 | 0.915 | 0.929 | 0.891 | 0.836 | 0.183 | 0.915 | 0.188 | 0.258 | 0.182 | 0.189 | 0.141 | 0.007 | −0.070 | −0.066 | |
The fiscal expenditure (100 m ¥) | 0.864 | 0.790 | 0.664 | 0.430 | 0.477 | 0.306 | 0.790 | 0.660 | 0.842 | 0.763 | 0.208 | −0.073 | 0.006 | −0.033 | −0.181 | |
The per capita net income of farmers (¥) | 0.133 | 0.763 | 0.783 | 0.866 | 0.856 | 0.511 | 0.763 | −0.178 | −0.095 | −0.036 | −0.675 | 0.049 | −0.043 | 0.086 | 0.084 | |
The per capita urban disposable income (¥) | 0.286 | 0.392 | 0.519 | 0.793 | 0.593 | 0.121 | 0.392 | −0.170 | −0.224 | 0.083 | −0.343 | 0.122 | −0.088 | 0.075 | 0.323 | |
The gross fixed asset formation (100 m ¥) | 0.847 | 0.915 | 0.913 | 0.898 | 0.824 | 0.154 | 0.915 | 0.010 | 0.224 | 0.225 | 0.160 | 0.179 | 0.315 | 0.136 | −0.051 | |
The tourism income (100 m ¥) | 0.840 | 0.825 | 0.822 | 0.842 | 0.814 | −0.236 | 0.825 | −0.100 | 0.067 | 0.089 | 0.209 | 0.403 | 0.381 | 0.384 | 0.187 |
Space Type | 2000–2005 | 2005–2010 | 2010–2015 | 2015–2020 | 2000–2020 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variation (km2) | Rate (%) | Variation (km2) | Rate (%) | Variation (km2) | Rate (%) | Variation (km2) | Rate (%) | Variation (km2) | Rate (%) | |
Forest space | 4388.39 | 9.30 | 5406.35 | 10.49 | 7478.48 | 13.13 | 6817.97 | 10.58 | 24091.19 | 51.08 |
Farmland space | −2673.08 | −7.40 | −5169.54 | −15.48 | −5731.02 | −20.30 | −3420.37 | −15.20 | −16994 | −47.11 |
Shrub and grass space | −2203.59 | −8.24 | −757.63 | −3.09 | −2785.53 | −11.71 | −4208.55 | −20.05 | −9955.30 | −37.23 |
Water space | 8.1 | 0.99 | 11.85 | 1.44 | 15.36 | 1.84 | 24.33 | 2.86 | 59.64 | 7.32 |
Total | −480.18 | −0.43 | −508.97 | −0.46 | −1022.71 | −0.93 | −786.62 | −0.72 | −2798.48 | −2.53 |
Index | Space Type | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The urbanization rate (%) | Forest Space | −13.1319–4.0796 | −19.3958–−2.0827 | −33.3873–−5.0104 | −37.0711–−0.2808 | 2.9251–5.9905 |
Farmland Space | −12.8042–3.7064 | −4.5062–2.9857 | −2.3849–1.3735 | −2.2220–−0.9833 | −3.5311–−2.3438 | |
Shrub and Grass Space | −25.2151–3.1706 | −10.8551–−4.6006 | −12.5874–−6.2374 | −12.4789–−2.1510 | 3.5917–5.1496 | |
The fiscal revenue (100 m¥) | Forest Space | −343.1094–2.9001 | 50.6141–115.8338 | 19.9197–86.2058 | / | / |
Farmland Space | −98.3310–86.6096 | 36.4033–50.2526 | −3.2252–11.2031 | / | / | |
Shrub and Grass Space | −335.3480–75.1197 | 8.3318–67.8854 | 0.6135–34.9135 | / | / | |
The agricultural population (Ten thousand people) | Forest Space | / | −24.3812–22.6900 | −58.5472–19.3194 | −75.5039–34.7490 | 3.7913–9.8237 |
Farmland Space | / | −1.8352–20.2867 | −7.72654–7.3484 | −7.0282–3.0375 | −4.7447–−3.1965 | |
Shrub and Grass Space | / | −10.9227–26.6632 | −6.3868–12.4924 | 6.6471–18.9998 | 6.4108–12.0216 | |
The proportion of the second industry (%) | Forest Space | / | −1.9342–7.6482 | −9.3467–5.1960 | −3.6480–11.0326 | 7.8051–11.3485 |
Farmland Space | / | −2.6475–2.8789 | −0.3757–2.4278 | −0.8002–0.3315 | −2.3659–−2.1027 | |
Shrub and Grass Space | / | −1.4429–4.6132 | −3.3660–3.8494 | 3.1295–9.6444 | 0.1863–1.2050 | |
The fiscal expenditure (100 m¥) | Forest Space | −89.1533–337.7821 | / | / | / | / |
Farmland Space | −63.9269–68.2230 | / | / | / | / | |
Shrub and Grass Space | −47.6008–676.7216 | / | / | / | / | |
The gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animals, husbandry, and fishery (100 m¥) | Forest Space | 6.7490–256.7503 | / | / | / | / |
Farmland Space | 4.4851–179.2803 | / | / | / | / | |
Shrub and Grass Space | −62.1863–176.1302 | / | / | / | / | |
The total grain output (ton) | Forest Space | 0.0010–1.0084 | −0.0010–0.0104 | −0.0003–0.0177 | −0.0027–0.0190 | 0.0026–0.0030 |
Farmland Space | 0.0005–0.0077 | 0.0010–0.0046 | 0.0026–0.0052 | 0.0020–0.0031 | 0.0019–0.0020 | |
Shrub and Grass Space | −0.0007–0.0029 | −0.0046–0.0041 | −0.0015–0.0027 | −0.0020–0.0008 | −0.003–0.0004 | |
The per capita net income of farmers (¥) | Forest Space | −0.5487–−0.1676 | / | / | / | −0.2065–−0.1888 |
Farmland Space | −0.3072–−0.0838 | / | / | / | 0.0035–0.0096 | |
Shrub and Grass Space | −0.3062–−0.1365 | / | / | / | −0.0622–−0.0497 | |
The gross fixed asset formation (100 m¥) | Forest Space | / | −12.8087–−2.4448 | −1.7009–1.8126 | −0.6252–4.9805 | / |
Farmland Space | / | −8.7307–−4.5463 | −0.8249–0.6573 | 0.1620–0.4512 | / | |
Shrub and Grass Space | / | −4.7865–0.2507 | −1.0086–1.2048 | 0.3759–0.7916 | / | |
GDP (100 m¥) | Forest Space | / | / | / | −1.5233–0.6962 | 0.4422–0.5535 |
Farmland Space | / | / | / | −0.2600–−0.0453 | −0.0551–−0.0145 | |
Shrub and Grass Space | / | / | / | −0.3737–0.1425 | −0.0165–0.0058 |
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Liu, M.; Li, J.; Song, D.; Dong, J.; Ren, D.; Wei, X. Spatiotemporal Dynamics Effects of Green Space and Socioeconomic Factors on Urban Agglomeration in Central Yunnan. Forests 2024, 15, 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091598
Liu M, Li J, Song D, Dong J, Ren D, Wei X. Spatiotemporal Dynamics Effects of Green Space and Socioeconomic Factors on Urban Agglomeration in Central Yunnan. Forests. 2024; 15(9):1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091598
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Min, Jingxi Li, Ding Song, Junmei Dong, Dijing Ren, and Xiaoyan Wei. 2024. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics Effects of Green Space and Socioeconomic Factors on Urban Agglomeration in Central Yunnan" Forests 15, no. 9: 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091598