BA.1/BA.5 Immunogenicity, Reactogenicity, and Disease Activity after COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 and Nucleocapsid IgG Chemiluminescent Immunoassay
2.3. Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Surrogate-Neutralizing Antibodies
2.4. Bead-Based Multiplex Assay for the Detection of Antibodies to Various SARS-CoV-2 Epitopes
2.5. Live-Virus Neutralization against the Omicron Subtypes BA.1 and BA.5
2.6. Monitoring of Reactogenicity and Disease Activity
2.7. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Study Population and Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Anti-S1 IgG, Surrogate-Neutralizing Antibodies, and Antibodies to Various SARS-CoV-2 Epitopes in AAV Patients and Healthy Controls
3.3. Live-Virus Neutralization against the Omicron Subtypes BA.1 and BA.5 before and after Booster Vaccination
3.4. Longitudinal Monitoring of Reactogenicity and Disease Activity of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis after a First, Second, and Third SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Dose
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AAV Patients (N = 64) | Healthy Controls (N = 24) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, median (IQR), y | 68 (55–72) | 61 (59–64) | 0.58 |
Female sex, N (%) | 34 (53) | 14 (58) | 0.81 |
Diagnosis, N (%) | |||
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis | 47 (73) | - | - |
Microscopic polyangiitis | 15 (23) | - | - |
Eosinophile granulomatosis with polyangiitis | 2 (3) | - | - |
Time since initial diagnosis, median (IQR), y | 8 (5–14) | - | - |
ANCA ELISA, N (%) | |||
PR3 | 44 (69) | - | - |
MPO | 12 (19) | - | - |
Double positive | 8 (13) | - | - |
Organ involvement, N (%) * | |||
Ears, nose, throat | 26 (43) | - | - |
Kidney | 49 (82) | - | - |
Lung | 45 (75) | - | - |
Others | 25 (39) | - | - |
Induction therapy, N (%) | |||
CYC ± steroids | 38 (59) | - | - |
Rituximab ± steroids | 26 (41) | - | - |
Maintenance therapy, N (%) | |||
±steroids | 14 (22) | - | - |
Azathioprine or MMF ± steroids | 22 (34) | - | - |
Rituximab | 28 (44) | - | - |
Time since last Rituximab dose, | 4 (2–7) | - | - |
median (IQR), y | |||
Vaccination regimen, N (%) | |||
Homologous BNT162b2 | 49 (77) | 19 (79) | 0.99 |
Homologous mRNA-1273 | 4 (6) | 0 (0) | 0.57 |
Heterologous ChAdOx1/BNT162b2 | 6 (9) | 2 (8) | 0.99 |
Heterologous ChAdOx1/mRNA-1273 | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.99 |
Homologous ChAdOx1 | 3 (5) | 3 (13) | 0.34 |
AAV Patients (N = 21) | Healthy Controls (N = 24) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, median (IQR), y | 71 (59–74) | 61 (59–64) | 0.16 |
Female sex, N (%) | 7 (33) | 14 (58) | 0.14 |
Diagnosis, N (%) | |||
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis | 13 (62) | - | - |
Microscopic polyangiitis | 8 (38) | - | - |
Time since initial diagnosis, median (IQR), y | 4 (1-10) | - | - |
ANCA ELISA, N (%) | |||
PR3 | 11 (52) | - | - |
MPO | 8 (38) | - | - |
Double positive | 2 (10) | - | - |
Organ involvement, N (%) | |||
Ears, nose, throat | 4 (19) | - | - |
Kidney | 18 (86) | - | - |
Lung | 10 (48) | - | - |
Others | 4 (19) | - | - |
Induction therapy, N (%) | |||
CYC ± steroids | 18 (86) | - | - |
Rituximab ± steroids | 3 (14) | - | - |
Maintenance therapy, N (%) | |||
±steroids | 4 (19) | - | - |
Azathioprine or MMF ± steroids | 9 (43) | - | - |
Rituximab | 8 (38) | - | - |
Time since last Rituximab dose, | 3 (1–8) | - | - |
median (IQR), y | |||
Homologous mRNA vaccination, N (%) | 19 (90) | 19 (79) | 0.42 |
Heterologous ChAdOx1/2x mRNA, N (%) | 2 (10) | 5 (21) | 0.42 |
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Speer, C.; Töllner, M.; Benning, L.; Bartenschlager, M.; Kim, H.; Nusshag, C.; Kälble, F.; Reineke, M.; Reichel, P.; Schnitzler, P.; et al. BA.1/BA.5 Immunogenicity, Reactogenicity, and Disease Activity after COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Viruses 2023, 15, 1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081778
Speer C, Töllner M, Benning L, Bartenschlager M, Kim H, Nusshag C, Kälble F, Reineke M, Reichel P, Schnitzler P, et al. BA.1/BA.5 Immunogenicity, Reactogenicity, and Disease Activity after COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Viruses. 2023; 15(8):1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081778
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpeer, Claudius, Maximilian Töllner, Louise Benning, Marie Bartenschlager, Heeyoung Kim, Christian Nusshag, Florian Kälble, Marvin Reineke, Paula Reichel, Paul Schnitzler, and et al. 2023. "BA.1/BA.5 Immunogenicity, Reactogenicity, and Disease Activity after COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study" Viruses 15, no. 8: 1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081778