The Role of Wild Boar as Host of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in the Absence of Domestic Pigs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Human Samples
2.2. Plaque Reduction Neutralization Tests (PRNT)
2.3. Wild Boar Samples
2.4. JEV Isolation and Strains
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Profiles
3.2. Seroprevalence of JEV Strains JaGar01 and Muar
3.3. Field Investigation of Wild Boars
3.4. Virus Isolation from Pig Sera and Phylogenetic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Female | Male | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | 1–3 | 12 | 8 | 20 | |
4–6 | 8 | 9 | 17 | ||
20–29 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
30–39 | 8 | 1 | 9 | ||
40–49 | 72 | 27 | 99 | ||
50–59 | 70 | 33 | 103 | ||
60–69 | 51 | 33 | 84 | ||
70–79 | 64 | 51 | 115 | ||
80–89 | 60 | 43 | 103 | ||
90–98 | 5 | 2 | 7 | ||
Total | 351 | 209 | 560 | ||
Occupations | Healthcare workers | Doctors and nurses | 106 | 8 | 114 |
Medical staff | 6 | 13 | 19 | ||
Social workers | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
Care workers | 3 | 1 | 4 | ||
Childminders | 1 | 1 | |||
Desk workers and services | Desk workers | 24 | 40 | 64 | |
Services | 6 | 7 | 13 | ||
Security guards, janitors, and constructors | Security guards and janitors | 2 | 2 | 4 | |
Civil engineers and constructors | 4 | 4 | |||
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries | Agriculture | 56 | 36 | 92 | |
Forestry | 1 | 1 | |||
Fisheries | 4 | 7 | 11 | ||
Agriculture and forestry | 1 | 1 | |||
Agriculture and fisheries | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
Homemakers and unemployed | Homemakers | 24 | 24 | ||
Unemployed | 33 | 36 | 69 | ||
Children | 1–3 years old | 12 | 8 | 20 | |
4–6 years old | 8 | 9 | 17 | ||
Others | Self-employed | 4 | 3 | 7 | |
Others | 4 | 6 | 10 | ||
Unknown | 56 | 25 | 81 | ||
Total | 351 | 209 | 560 |
NT Titer | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wild Boar No. | Sample No. | Sex | Correction Date | RT-PCR | JA8015KC6 (G1) | JaGAr01 (G3) | Muar (G5) |
1 | JA8475 | Female | 13 June 2022 | Negative | <10 | <10 | <10 |
2 | JA8476 | Female | 13 June 2022 | Negative | <10 | <10 | <10 |
3 | JA8477 | Female | 13 June 2022 | Negative | 80 | 160 | 160 |
4 | JA8595 | Female | 28 June 2022 | Negative | 160 | 160 | 80 |
5 | JA8596 | Male | 29 June 2022 | Negative | 320 | 160 | 160 |
6 | JA8597 | Female | 2 July 2022 | Negative | 320 | 640 | 320 |
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Kikuchi, F.; Hayashi, A.; Yamada, K.; Matsui, Y.; Shimbashi, R.; Noguchi, Y.; Tachibana, K.; Mizutani, T.; Tokaji, A.; Yoshikawa, A.; et al. The Role of Wild Boar as Host of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in the Absence of Domestic Pigs. Viruses 2024, 16, 1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081273
Kikuchi F, Hayashi A, Yamada K, Matsui Y, Shimbashi R, Noguchi Y, Tachibana K, Mizutani T, Tokaji A, Yoshikawa A, et al. The Role of Wild Boar as Host of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in the Absence of Domestic Pigs. Viruses. 2024; 16(8):1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081273
Chicago/Turabian StyleKikuchi, Fuka, Ai Hayashi, Karen Yamada, Yusuke Matsui, Reiko Shimbashi, Yuji Noguchi, Kazunori Tachibana, Tetsuya Mizutani, Akihiko Tokaji, Akira Yoshikawa, and et al. 2024. "The Role of Wild Boar as Host of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in the Absence of Domestic Pigs" Viruses 16, no. 8: 1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081273