The Influence of Co-Surfactants on Lamellar Liquid Crystal Structures Formed in Creams
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
3. Methods
3.1. Method of Sample Preparation
3.2. Microscopy
3.3. Rheology
3.4. Small and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS and WAXS)
3.5. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS)
4. Results
4.1. Macroscopic Structure
4.2. Microscopic Structure
4.3. Nanoscopic Structure
4.3.1. Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)
4.3.2. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
4.3.3. Variations in SANS Profiles with Temperature
4.3.4. Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS)
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Formulations | Total Emulsifier Concentration | Hexadecanol | Octadecanol | SDS | Liquid Paraffin | Water b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage % (w/w) | ||||||
C1 | 4 | 1.70 | 1.90 | 0.40 | 20 | 76 |
C2 | 4 | 3.60 | -- | 0.40 | 20 | 76 |
C3 | 4 | -- | 3.60 | 0.40 | 20 | 76 |
C4 | 10 | 4.25 | 4.75 | 1.00 | 20 | 70 |
C5 | 10 | 9 | -- | 1.00 | 20 | 70 |
C6 | 10 | -- | 9 | 1.00 | 20 | 70 |
(1:0) | (1:1) | (0:1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TS5 | C5 | TS4 | C4 | TS6 | C6 | |
Bilayer thickness (Å) b | 45 ± 1 | 47 | 48 ± 1 | 50 | 49 ± 1 | 52 |
Polydispersity on bilayer thickness | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
d-spacing (Å) | 232 ± 1 | 207 ± 1 | 259 ± 1 | 233 ± 1 | 257 ± 1 | 216 ± 1 |
Polydispersity on d-spacing | 0.1 | 0.08 | 0.1 | 0.06 | 0.1 | 0.09 |
Lorentz term | 95 ± 1 | 209 ± 2 | 108 ± 1 | 127 ± 6 | 133 ± 2 | 381 ± 7 |
Unilamellar | 0.20 | 0.57 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.35 | 0.16 |
Bilamellar | 0.40 | 0.28 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.40 |
Trilamellar | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.25 |
Quadrilamellar | 0.10 | 0 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
Pentalamellar | 0.08 | 0 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
Oil droplet layer thickness (Å) | -- | 24 ± 2 | -- | 26 ± 0.5 | -- | 27 ± 0.3 |
(1:0) | (1:1) | (0:1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TS2 | C2 | TS1 | C1 | TS3 | C3 | |
Bilayer thickness (Å) b | 41 ± 6 | 47 | 44 ± 4 | 50 | 49 ± 6 | 52 |
Polydispersity on bilayer thickness | 0.15 | -- | 0.11 | -- | 0.14 | -- |
d-spacing (Å) c | 374 | 383 | 357 | 400 | 328 | 365 |
Polydispersity on d-spacing | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
Lorentz term | 230 ± 3 | -- | -- | 298 ± 9 | -- | 245 ± 4 |
Unilamellar | 0.59 | -- | 0.54 | -- | 0.54 | -- |
Bilamellar | 0.41 | -- | 0.46 | -- | 0.46 | -- |
Trilamellar | 0 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 | -- |
Quadrilamellar | 0 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 | -- |
Pentalamellar | 0 | -- | 0 | -- | 0 | -- |
Power law exponent | -- | 3.4 | -- | 3.1 | -- | 3.3 |
(1:0) | (1:1) | (0:1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TS5 | C5 | TS4 | C4 | TS6 | C6 | |
Bilayer thickness (Å)b | 45 ± 1 | 47 | 48 ± 1 | 50 | 49 ± 1 | 52 |
Polydispersity on bilayer thickness | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
d-spacing (Å) | 231 ± 1 | 198 ± 1 | 258 ± 1 | 253 ± 1 | 240 ± 1 | 212 ± 1 |
Polydispersity on d-spacing | 0.1 | 0.10 | 0.1 | 0.08 | 0.1 | 0.08 |
Lorentz term | 95 ± 1 | 344 ± 6 | 109 ± 1 | 117 ± 7 | 98 ± 1 | 379 ± 8 |
Unilamellar | 0.16 | 0.63 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.0 |
Bilamellar | 0.42 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.43 | 0.3 | 0.52 |
Trilamellar | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.2 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.32 |
Quadrilamellar | 0.09 | 0 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.1 | 0.11 |
Pentalamellar | 0.09 | 0 | 0.12 | 0.0 | 0.13 | 0.05 |
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Ahmadi, D.; Mahmoudi, N.; Heenan, R.K.; Barlow, D.J.; Lawrence, M.J. The Influence of Co-Surfactants on Lamellar Liquid Crystal Structures Formed in Creams. Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090864
Ahmadi D, Mahmoudi N, Heenan RK, Barlow DJ, Lawrence MJ. The Influence of Co-Surfactants on Lamellar Liquid Crystal Structures Formed in Creams. Pharmaceutics. 2020; 12(9):864. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090864
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmadi, Delaram, Najet Mahmoudi, Richard K. Heenan, David J. Barlow, and M. Jayne Lawrence. 2020. "The Influence of Co-Surfactants on Lamellar Liquid Crystal Structures Formed in Creams" Pharmaceutics 12, no. 9: 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090864