Journal Description
Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutics
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics, and is published monthly online by MDPI. The Spanish Society of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology (SEFIG), Pharmaceutical Solid State Research Cluster (PSSRC), Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences (APS) and Korean Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology (KSPST) are affiliated with Pharmaceutics and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Pharmacology and Pharmacy) / CiteScore - Q1 (Pharmaceutical Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journal: Future Pharmacology
Impact Factor:
4.9 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.5 (2023)
Latest Articles
Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Oral Viscous Budesonide in Paediatric Patients with Eosinophilic Oesophagitis in Repaired Oesophageal Atresia
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070872 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Eosinophilic oesophagitis is a long-term complication of oesophageal atresia (EA), an uncommon condition that affects approximately 1 in 3500 infants. An exploratory, open-label phase 2 clinical trial was conducted in paediatric eosinophilic oesophagitis after oesophageal atresia (EoE-EA) to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics, and
[...] Read more.
Eosinophilic oesophagitis is a long-term complication of oesophageal atresia (EA), an uncommon condition that affects approximately 1 in 3500 infants. An exploratory, open-label phase 2 clinical trial was conducted in paediatric eosinophilic oesophagitis after oesophageal atresia (EoE-EA) to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of oral viscous budesonide (OVB). In total, eight patients were enrolled in the study and assigned to a twice-daily dosing regimen of either 0.8 or 1 mg OVB, depending on age and height, administered for 12 weeks. OVB was safe and effective in the treatment of EoE-EA. The current investigation focuses on the pharmacokinetics of budesonide and the impact of an oral viscous formulation on its absorption and bioavailability. Using a non-linear mixed effects approach, two distinct absorption profiles were identified, despite marked interindividual variability in drug concentrations. Budesonide exposure was higher than previously reported in children following oral inhalation. Even though no significant effect has been observed on serum cortisol levels, future studies should consider exploring different doses, schedules, and/or treatment durations, as there may be an opportunity to reduce the risk of cortisol suppression.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Drug Formulations)
Open AccessArticle
Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of Potential Systemic Toxicity of a Novel Oral Melatonin Formulation
by
Catalina N. Cheaburu-Yilmaz, Kemal Atmaca, Onur Yilmaz and Hilmi Orhan
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070871 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
The need to create safe materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications has become a significant driving force for the development of new systems. Therefore, a chitosan-coated copolymer of itaconic acid, acrylic acid, and N-vinyl caprolactam (IT-AA-NVC) was prepared by radical polymerization and subsequent
[...] Read more.
The need to create safe materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications has become a significant driving force for the development of new systems. Therefore, a chitosan-coated copolymer of itaconic acid, acrylic acid, and N-vinyl caprolactam (IT-AA-NVC) was prepared by radical polymerization and subsequent coating via nanoprecipitation to give a system capable of sustained delivery of melatonin. Although melatonin brings undoubted benefits to the human body, aspects of the optimal dose, route, and time of administration for the obtaining of suitable treatment outcomes remain under discussion. The entrapment of melatonin in biocompatible polymeric systems can prevent its oxidation, decrease its toxicity, and provide an increased half-life, resulting in an enhanced pharmacokinetic profile with improved patient compliance. The structures of the biopolymer and conjugate were proven by FTIR, thermal properties were tested by DSC, and the morphologies were followed by SEM. The loading efficiency and in vitro release profile were studied by means of HPLC, and a delayed release profile with an initial burst was obtained. The potential systemic toxicity of the formulation was studied in vivo; a mild hepatotoxicity was observed following administration of the melatonin-loaded formulation to mice, both by histopathology and blood clinical biochemistry. Histopathology showed a mild nephrotoxicity as well; however, kidney clinical biochemistry did not support this.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems, 2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
IDO1 Inhibitor RY103 Suppresses Trp-GCN2-Mediated Angiogenesis and Counters Immunosuppression in Glioblastoma
by
Zikang Xing, Xuewen Li, Zhen Ning Tony He, Xin Fang, Heng Liang, Chunxiang Kuang, Aiying Li and Qing Yang
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070870 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Glioma is characterized by strong immunosuppression and excessive angiogenesis. Based on existing reports, it can be speculated that the resistance to anti-angiogenic drug vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) antibody correlates to the induction of novel immune checkpoint indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), while
[...] Read more.
Glioma is characterized by strong immunosuppression and excessive angiogenesis. Based on existing reports, it can be speculated that the resistance to anti-angiogenic drug vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) antibody correlates to the induction of novel immune checkpoint indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), while IDO1 has also been suggested to be related to tumor angiogenesis. Herein, we aim to clarify the potential role of IDO1 in glioma angiogenesis and the mechanism behind it. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the expressions of IDO1 and angiogenesis markers VEGFA and CD34 were positively correlated and increased with pathological grade in glioma. IDO1-overexpression-derived-tryptophan depletion activated the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) pathway and upregulated VEGFA in glioma cells. The tube formation ability of angiogenesis model cells could be inhibited by IDO1 inhibitors and influenced by the activity and expression of IDO1 in condition medium. A significant increase in serum VEGFA concentration and tumor CD34 expression was observed in IDO1-overexpressing GL261 subcutaneous glioma-bearing mice. IDO1 inhibitor RY103 showed positive anti-tumor efficacy, including the anti-angiogenesis effect and upregulation of natural killer cells in GL261 glioma-bearing mice. As expected, the combination of RY103 and anti-angiogenesis agent sunitinib was proved to be a better therapeutic strategy than either monotherapy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Gene and Cell Therapy)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-00870/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-00870-g001-550.jpg?1719586637)
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Emerging Trends in the Treatment of Skin Disorders by Herbal Drugs: Traditional and Nanotechnological Approach
by
Rutvi Agrawal, Priyanka Jurel, Rohitas Deshmukh, Ranjit Kumar Harwansh, Akash Garg, Ashwini Kumar, Sudarshan Singh, Ajay Guru, Arun Kumar and Vinoth Kumarasamy
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070869 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Since the earliest days, people have been employing herbal treatments extensively around the world. The development of phytochemical and phytopharmacological sciences has made it possible to understand the chemical composition and biological properties of a number of medicinal plant products. Due to certain
[...] Read more.
Since the earliest days, people have been employing herbal treatments extensively around the world. The development of phytochemical and phytopharmacological sciences has made it possible to understand the chemical composition and biological properties of a number of medicinal plant products. Due to certain challenges like large molecular weight and low bioavailability, some components of herbal extracts are not utilized for therapeutic purposes. It has been suggested that herbal medicine and nanotechnology can be combined to enhance the benefits of plant extracts by lowering dosage requirements and adverse effects and increasing therapeutic activity. Using nanotechnology, the active ingredient can be delivered in an adequate concentration and transported to the targeted site of action. Conventional therapy does not fulfill these requirements. This review focuses on different skin diseases and nanotechnology-based herbal medicines that have been utilized to treat them.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory Effects from Natural Bioactive Compounds—from Bench to Bedside, 2nd Edition)
Open AccessReview
Gene Therapy with Chitosan Nanoparticles: Modern Formulation Strategies for Enhancing Cancer Cell Transfection
by
Varvara Antoniou, Elena A. Mourelatou, Eleftheria Galatou, Konstantinos Avgoustakis and Sophia Hatziantoniou
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070868 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Gene therapy involves the introduction of exogenous genetic material into host tissues to modify gene expression or cellular properties for therapeutic purposes. Initially developed to address genetic disorders, gene therapy has expanded to encompass a wide range of conditions, notably cancer. Effective delivery
[...] Read more.
Gene therapy involves the introduction of exogenous genetic material into host tissues to modify gene expression or cellular properties for therapeutic purposes. Initially developed to address genetic disorders, gene therapy has expanded to encompass a wide range of conditions, notably cancer. Effective delivery of nucleic acids into target cells relies on carriers, with non-viral systems gaining prominence due to their enhanced safety profile compared to viral vectors. Chitosan, a biopolymer, is frequently utilized to fabricate nanoparticles for various biomedical applications, particularly nucleic acid delivery, with recent emphasis on targeting cancer cells. Chitosan’s positively charged amino groups enable the formation of stable nanocomplexes with nucleic acids and facilitate interaction with cell membranes, thereby promoting cellular uptake. Despite these advantages, chitosan-based nanoparticles face challenges such as poor solubility at physiological pH, non-specificity for cancer cells, and inefficient endosomal escape, limiting their transfection efficiency. To address these limitations, researchers have focused on enhancing the functionality of chitosan nanoparticles. Strategies include improving stability, enhancing targeting specificity, increasing cellular uptake efficiency, and promoting endosomal escape. This review critically evaluates recent formulation approaches within these categories, aiming to provide insights into advancing chitosan-based gene delivery systems for improved efficacy, particularly in cancer therapy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Gene Therapy with Non-viral Nanocarriers, 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-00868/article_deploy/pharmaceutics-16-00868-ag.jpeg?1719503526)
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Influence of the Acceptor Fluid on the Bupivacaine Release from the Prospective Intra-Articular Methylcellulose Hydrogel
by
Dorota Wójcik-Pastuszka, Anna Frąk and Witold Musiał
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070867 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Injections are one way of delivering drugs directly to the joint capsule. Employing this possibility, local anesthetic, such as bupivacaine (Bu), in the form of the suspension can be administered. The aim of this work was to propose a methylcellulose-based hydrogel-incorporated bupivacaine for
[...] Read more.
Injections are one way of delivering drugs directly to the joint capsule. Employing this possibility, local anesthetic, such as bupivacaine (Bu), in the form of the suspension can be administered. The aim of this work was to propose a methylcellulose-based hydrogel-incorporated bupivacaine for intra-articular injections and to study the release kinetics of the drug from the hydrogel to different acceptor media, reflecting the synovial fluid of a healthy joint and the synovial fluid of an inflamed joint. The drug release studies were performed employing the flow apparatus. The drug was released to four different acceptor fluids: phosphate buffer pH = 7.4 (PBS7.4), phosphate buffer pH = 6.8 (PBS6.8), phosphate buffer pH = 7.4 with the high-molecular-weight sodium hyaluronate (PBS7.4H), and phosphate buffer pH = 6.8 with the low-molecular-weight sodium hyaluronate (PBS6.8L). The investigation was carried out at the temperature of 37 °C. The absorbance of the Bu released was measured at the wavelength of 262 nm every 2 min for 24 h. The release profiles of Bu to the acceptor media PBS7.4, PBS6.8, PBS7.4H, and PBS6.8L were described best by the first-order kinetics and the second-order equation. According to these models, the release rate constants were the highest when Bu was released to the fluid PBS7.4 and were k1 = (7.20 ± 0.01) × 10−5 min−1 and k2 = (3.00 ± 0.04) × 10−6 mg−1 × min−1, respectively. The relative viscosity of the acceptor medium, its pH, and the addition of high-molecular-weight or low-molecular-weight sodium hyaluronate (HAH or HAL) to the acceptor fluid influenced the drug dissolution. The release of Bu into the medium reflecting healthy synovial fluid takes a different pattern from its release into the fluid of an inflamed joint.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Drug Delivery and Controlled Release)
Open AccessArticle
Formulation and Evaluation of pH-Modulated Amorphous Solid Dispersion-Based Orodispersible Tablets of Cefdinir
by
Yahya Alhamhoom, Thanusha Kumaraswamy, Avichal Kumar, Shivakumar Hagalavadi Nanjappa, Sanjana S. Prakash, Mohamed Rahamathulla, Kamal Y. Thajudeen, Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed and Thippeswamy Boreddy Shivanandappa
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070866 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Cefdinir (CEF) is a semi-synthetic third-generation broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin that exhibits poor solubility at lower pH values. Considering this, pH-modulated CEF solid dispersions (ASDs) were produced by solvent evaporation method employing various hydrophilic carriers and alkalizers. Among different carriers, ASDs produced using PEG
[...] Read more.
Cefdinir (CEF) is a semi-synthetic third-generation broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin that exhibits poor solubility at lower pH values. Considering this, pH-modulated CEF solid dispersions (ASDs) were produced by solvent evaporation method employing various hydrophilic carriers and alkalizers. Among different carriers, ASDs produced using PEG 6000 with meglumine as alkalizer were found to significantly increase (p < 0.005) the drug solubility (4.50 ± 0.32 mg/mL) in pH 1.2. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry confirmed chemical integrity of CEF while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) indicated CEF was reduced to an amorphous state in ASD8. Antimicrobial assay performed by well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC96) and Escherichia coli (MTCC118) demonstrated significantly superior (p < 0.001) efficacy of CEFSD compared to CEF. The porous orodispersible tablets (ODTs) of ASD8 (batch F5) were developed by incorporating ammonium bicarbonate as a subliming agent by direct compression, followed by vacuum drying displayed quick disintegration (27.11 ± 1.96 s) that met compendial norms and near-complete dissolution (93.85 ± 1.27%) in 30 min. The ODTs of ASD8 appear to be a promising platform to mitigate the pH-dependent solubility and dissolution issues associated with CEF in challenging physiological pH conditions prevalent in stomach. Thus, ODTs of ASD8 are likely to effectively manage various infections and avoid development of drug-resistant strains, thereby improving the curing rates.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies to Improve the Solubility of Poorly Soluble Drugs)
Open AccessReview
Immunotherapies Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) in Cancer
by
Mei-Ye Li, Wei Ye and Ke-Wang Luo
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070865 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most plentiful immune compositions in the tumor microenvironment, which are further divided into anti-tumor M1 subtype and pro-tumor M2 subtype. Recent findings found that TAMs play a vital function in the regulation and progression of tumorigenesis.
[...] Read more.
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most plentiful immune compositions in the tumor microenvironment, which are further divided into anti-tumor M1 subtype and pro-tumor M2 subtype. Recent findings found that TAMs play a vital function in the regulation and progression of tumorigenesis. Moreover, TAMs promote tumor vascularization, and support the survival of tumor cells, causing an impact on tumor growth and patient prognosis. Numerous studies show that reducing the density of TAMs, or modulating the polarization of TAMs, can inhibit tumor growth, indicating that TAMs are a promising target for tumor immunotherapy. Recently, clinical trials have found that treatments targeting TAMs have achieved encouraging results, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a number of drugs for use in cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the origin, polarization, and function of TAMs, and emphasize the therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs in cancer treatment in clinical studies and scientific research, which demonstrate a broad prospect of TAMs-targeted therapies in tumor immunotherapy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Where Are We Now and Where Is Cell Therapy Headed?)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-00865/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-00865-g001-550.jpg?1719492849)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Imiquimod-Loaded Nanosystem for Treatment Human Papillomavirus-Induced Lesions
by
Izamara Maocha, Beatriz Rosado, Jéssica Lopes-Nunes, Melanie Lopes, Joana Rolo, Bruno Pires, Eugénia Gallardo, Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira, José Martinez-de-Oliveira, Rita Palmeira de Oliveira, Rui Medeiros and Carla Cruz
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070864 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. The treatment options are strongly related to increased infertility in women. Imiquimod (IQ) is an imidazoquinoline, which has proven antiviral effects against persistent HPV infection by activating immune cells via
[...] Read more.
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. The treatment options are strongly related to increased infertility in women. Imiquimod (IQ) is an imidazoquinoline, which has proven antiviral effects against persistent HPV infection by activating immune cells via Toll-like receptors 7/8 when formulated in carriers, like nanogels, for topical use. An effective alternative to conventional therapies is the nanoparticle drug delivery system. We studied lipidic nanoparticles with IQ (Lipo IQ) and functionalized them with a DNA aptamer, AT11 (Lipo IQ AT11), to improve the selectivity for cervical cancer cells combined with the efficacy of essential oils. The formulations showed that the physicochemical properties are adequate for vaginal drug delivery and have antimicrobial activity at higher concentrations (with MIC50 starting from 0.625%). The final formulations exhibited cytotoxicity in cancer cells, enhanced by essential oils without affecting healthy cells, resulting in less than 10% cell viability in HeLa cells and over 60% in NHDF cells. Essential oils potentiate Lipo IQ’s effectiveness, while AT11 increases the selectivity for cervical cancer cells. As suggested by the results of the permeation assay, the formulations were internalized by the cancer cells. Overall, the obtained results suggested that the synergistic effect of the essential oils and the nanosystem potentiate the cytotoxic effect of Lipo IQ and that Lipo IQ AT11 promotes selectivity towards cancer cells.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Pharmaceutics—Aptamers as Novel Therapeutics)
Open AccessArticle
Development of a Versatile Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) Using Design of Experiments (DoE)—Part II: Incorporation and Stability of Butamben with Different Surfactants
by
Ananda P. Matarazzo, Carlos A. Rios, Gabriela Gerônimo, Roberta Ondei, Eneida de Paula and Márcia C. Breitkreitz
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070863 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are typically composed of liquid lipids, solid lipids, and surfactants, enabling the encapsulation of lipophilic drugs. Butamben is a Class II anesthetic drug, according to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS); it has a log P of 2.87 and is
[...] Read more.
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are typically composed of liquid lipids, solid lipids, and surfactants, enabling the encapsulation of lipophilic drugs. Butamben is a Class II anesthetic drug, according to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS); it has a log P of 2.87 and is considered a ‘brick dust’ (poorly water-soluble and poorly lipid-soluble) drug. This characteristic poses a challenge for the development of NLCs, as they are not soluble in the liquid lipid present in the NLC core. In a previous study, we developed an NLC core consisting of a solid lipid (CrodamolTM CP), a lipophilic liquid with medium polarity (SRTM Lauryl lactate), and a hydrophilic excipient (SRTM DMI) that allowed the solubilization of ‘brick dust’ types of drugs, including butamben. In this study, starting from the NLC core formulation previously developed we carried out an optimization of the surfactant system and evaluated their performance in aqueous medium. Three different surfactants (CrodasolTM HS HP, SynperonicTM PE/F68, and CroduretTM 40) were studied and, for each of them, a 23 factorial design was stablished, with total lipids, % surfactant, and sonication time (min) as the input variables and particle size (nm), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (mV) as the response variables. Stable NLCs were obtained using CrodasolTM HS HP and SynperonicTM PE/F68 as surfactants. Through a comparison between NLCs developed with and without SRTM DMI, it was observed that besides helping the solubilization of butamben in the NLC core, this excipient helped in stabilizing the system and decreasing particle size. NLCs containing CrodasolTM HS HP and SynperonicTM PE/F68 presented particle size values in the nanometric scale, PDI values lower than 0.3, and zeta potentials above |10|mV. Concerning NLCs’ stability, SBTB-NLC with SynperonicTM PE/F68 and butamben demonstrated stability over a 3-month period in aqueous medium. The remaining NLCs showed phase separation or precipitation during the 3-month analysis. Nevertheless, these formulations could be freeze-dried after preparation, which would avoid precipitation in an aqueous medium.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Applications of Modern Excipients in Advanced Pharmaceutical Products)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-00863/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-00863-g001-550.jpg?1719481436)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Histological Assessment of Respiratory Tract and Liver of BALB/c Mice Nebulized with Tocilizumab
by
Paloma Jimena de Andres, Sergio Ferreiro, Angela Flores, Almudena Garcia and Cesar Henriquez-Camacho
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070862 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery offers a minimally invasive and efficient method for treating lung conditions, leveraging the lungs’ extensive surface area and blood flow for rapid drug absorption. Nebulized therapies aim to deliver drugs directly to the lung tissue. This study investigates the histological
[...] Read more.
Pulmonary drug delivery offers a minimally invasive and efficient method for treating lung conditions, leveraging the lungs’ extensive surface area and blood flow for rapid drug absorption. Nebulized therapies aim to deliver drugs directly to the lung tissue. This study investigates the histological impact of nebulized tocilizumab—a monoclonal antibody targeting IL-6, traditionally administered intravenously for rheumatoid arthritis and severe COVID-19—on a murine model. Thirty BALB/c mice were nebulized with tocilizumab (10 mg, 5 mg, and 2.5 mg) and six controls were nebulized with saline solution. They were euthanized 48 h later, and their organs (lungs, nasal mucosa, and liver) were analyzed by a microscopic histological evaluation. The results indicate that all the mice survived the 48 h post-nebulization period without systemic compromise. The macroscopic examination showed no abnormalities, and the histopathological analysis revealed greater lung vascular changes in the control group than in the nebulized animals, which is attributable to the euthanasia with carbon dioxide. Additionally, increased alveolar macrophages were observed in the nebulized groups compared to controls. No significant histological changes were observed in the liver, indicating the safety of nebulized tocilizumab. In conclusion, these findings suggest the potential of nebulized tocilizumab for treating pulmonary inflammation, warranting further research to establish its efficacy and safety in clinical settings.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Pharmacy and Formulation)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-00862/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-00862-g001-550.jpg?1719481411)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Development of Cyclodextrin-Based Mono and Dual Encapsulated Powders by Spray Drying for Successful Preservation of Everlasting Flower Extract
by
Nada Ćujić Nikolić, Miloš Jovanović, Milica Radan, Zorica Lazarević, Dubravka Bigović, Smilja Marković, Nataša Jovanović Lješković and Katarina Šavikin
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070861 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
The study aimed to develop encapsulation systems to maintain the preservation of everlasting (Helichrysum plicatum) flower extract polyphenols. Spray-dried encapsulates were formulated using β-cyclodextrin (BCD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) as supramolecular hosts, and their macromolecule mixtures with the conventional carriers, maltodextrin (MD)
[...] Read more.
The study aimed to develop encapsulation systems to maintain the preservation of everlasting (Helichrysum plicatum) flower extract polyphenols. Spray-dried encapsulates were formulated using β-cyclodextrin (BCD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) as supramolecular hosts, and their macromolecule mixtures with the conventional carriers, maltodextrin (MD) and whey protein (WP). The obtained microparticles were comparatively assessed regarding technological, physicochemical, and phytochemical properties. The highest yields were achieved by combining cyclodextrins with whey protein (73.96% for WP+BCD and 75.50% for WP+HPBCD compared to 62.48% of pure extract). The extract–carrier interactions and thermal stability were evaluated by FTIR and DSC analysis, suggesting successful entrapment within the carriers. Carriers reduced the particle diameter (3.99 to 4.86 μm compared to 6.49 μm of pure extract), classifying all encapsulates as microsystems. Carrier blends made the particle size distribution uniform, while SEM analysis revealed the production of more spherical and less aggregated particles. The HPBCD provided the highest encapsulation efficiency, with the highest content of detected aglycones and slightly lower values of their glycosylated forms. An analysis of the dual macromolecule encapsulation systems revealed the highest bioactive preservation potential for SHE+MD+BCD and SHE+WP+HPBCD. Overall, macromolecule combinations of cyclodextrins and conventional biopolymers in the spray-drying process can enhance the functional properties of H. plicatum extract.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spray Drying in the Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Field)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-00861/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-00861-ag-550.jpg?1719470578)
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Antimicrobial Peptide Screening for Designing Custom Bactericidal Hydrogels
by
Matthias Recktenwald, Muskanjot Kaur, Mohammed M. Benmassaoud, Aryanna Copling, Tulika Khanna, Michael Curry, Dennise Cortes, Gilbert Fleischer, Valerie J. Carabetta and Sebastián L. Vega
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070860 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an opportunistic pathogen that lives on surfaces and skin and can cause serious infections inside the body. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the innate immune system and can eliminate pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, and
[...] Read more.
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an opportunistic pathogen that lives on surfaces and skin and can cause serious infections inside the body. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the innate immune system and can eliminate pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, and are a promising alternative to antibiotics. Although studies have reported that AMP-functionalized hydrogels can prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, AMP dosing and the combined effects of multiple AMPs are not well understood. Here, three AMPs with different antibacterial properties were synthesized and the soluble minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of each AMP against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were determined. Hydrogels with immobilized AMPs at their MIC (DD13-RIP 27.5 µM; indolicidin 43.8 µM; P10 120 µM) were effective in preventing MRSA adhesion and biofilm formation. Checkerboard AMP screens identified synergy between indolicidin (3.1 µM) and P10 (12.5 µM) based on soluble fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) against MRSA, and hydrogels formed with these AMPs at half of their synergistic concentrations (total peptide concentration, 7.8 µM) were highly efficacious in killing MRSA. Mammalian cells cultured atop these hydrogels were highly viable, demonstrating that these AMP hydrogels are biocompatible and selectively eradicate bacteria, based on soluble checkerboard-screening data.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Prevention and Eradication Strategies for Combating Biofilm-Related Infections)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-00860/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-00860-g001-550.jpg?1719469637)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
From Nature to Healing: Development and Evaluation of Topical Cream Loaded with Pine Tar for Cutaneous Wound Repair
by
Branislav Petrovic, Anica Petrovic, Katarina Bijelic, Dragana Stanisic, Slobodanka Mitrovic, Vladimir Jakovljevic, Sergej Bolevich, Ivana Glisovic Jovanovic and Jovana Bradic
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070859 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Despite the numerous efforts to find an appropriate therapeutic modality, diabetic wounds remain a global unsolved problem. Therefore, our study aimed to develop a topical formulation loaded with pine tar and to investigate its wound-healing capacity. After phytochemical profiling of pine tar, an
[...] Read more.
Despite the numerous efforts to find an appropriate therapeutic modality, diabetic wounds remain a global unsolved problem. Therefore, our study aimed to develop a topical formulation loaded with pine tar and to investigate its wound-healing capacity. After phytochemical profiling of pine tar, an oil-in-water emulsion with 1% pine tar was prepared. The physical, chemical, and microbiological stability of prepared pine tar cream (PTC) was assessed during six months. Additionally, safety potential was examined in healthy rats, while wound-healing potential was accessed by creating excision wounds in diabetic rats. Diabetic animals were divided into four groups: untreated or topically treated with either the cream base, PTC, or silver sulfadiazine cream. Wound healing was monitored at the following time points (0, 7, 14, and 21 days) through macroscopic, biochemical, and histological examinations. Our PTC formula showed good physicochemical properties and remained stable and compatible for cutaneous application. PTC showed a remarkable increase in wound closure rate and led to attenuation of morphological alterations in skin samples. These findings were associated with significantly improved redox status and enhanced hydroxyproline levels in PTC relative to the untreated and cream base groups. Our results demonstrated that PTC might serve as a promising tool for the management of diabetic wounds.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products for Cutaneous Application)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-00859/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-00859-g001-550.jpg?1719397938)
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Light Irradiation on the Degradation of Dezocine in Injections
by
Li Zhu, Xu Teng, Yu Duan, Xia Zhang, Jingxin Xie, Mingzhe Xu and Lihui Yin
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070858 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
Dezocine, which is well-known as an analgesic, had about 45% share of the Chinese opioid analgesic market. Since drug products containing impurities could bring serious health consequences, it was important to control the generation of impurities and degradation products in the dezocine product.
[...] Read more.
Dezocine, which is well-known as an analgesic, had about 45% share of the Chinese opioid analgesic market. Since drug products containing impurities could bring serious health consequences, it was important to control the generation of impurities and degradation products in the dezocine product. In this study, two kinds of photodegradation products (i.e., degradation product 1 and degradation product 2) in the dezocine injection were isolated using high-performance liquid chromatography. The possible structures of the photodegradation products were identified using both high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, the possible generation mechanism showed that degradation product 1 was the oxidation product of dezocine, and degradation product 2 was the coupled dimer of dezocine. Finally, we found that the degradation rate of dezocine increased with the increase in light intensity. Moreover, the degradation of dezocine easily occurred under ultraviolet light in comparison with visible light. A deeper insight into the generation of the photodegradation products in the dezocine injection would directly contribute to the safety of drug therapy based on the dezocine injection by minimizing the degradant/impurity-related adverse effects of drug preparations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms)
Open AccessArticle
TB/FLU-06E Influenza Vector-Based Vaccine in the Complex Therapy of Drug-Susceptible and Drug-Resistant Experimental Tuberculosis
by
Anna-Polina S. Shurygina, Natalia V. Zabolotnykh, Tatiana I. Vinogradova, Maria L. Vitovskaya, Marine Z. Dogonadze, Kirill A. Vasilyev, Zhanna V. Buzitskaya, Petr K. Yablonskiy, Dmitriy A. Lioznov and Marina A. Stukova
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070857 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
The steady rise of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), which renders standard therapy regimens ineffective, necessitates the development of innovative treatment approaches. Immunotherapeutic vaccines have the potential to effectively regulate the anti-TB immune response and enhance the efficacy of anti-TB treatment. In the present study,
[...] Read more.
The steady rise of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), which renders standard therapy regimens ineffective, necessitates the development of innovative treatment approaches. Immunotherapeutic vaccines have the potential to effectively regulate the anti-TB immune response and enhance the efficacy of anti-TB treatment. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the potency of the mucosal vector vaccine TB/FLU-06E as part of a complex treatment regimen for drug-susceptible (DS) or drug-resistant (DR) tuberculosis in C57BL/6 mice. Incorporating TB/FLU-06E into the treatment protocol significantly increased the effectiveness of therapy for both forms of tuberculosis. It was evidenced by higher survival rates and reduced pulmonary bacterial load (1.83 lg CFU for DS tuberculosis and 0.93 lg CFU for DR tuberculosis). Furthermore, the treatment reduced pathomorphological lesions in the lungs and stimulated the local and systemic T-helper 1 (Th1) and cytotoxic T- lymphocyte (CTL) anti-TB immune responses. Thus, therapeutic immunization with the TB/FLU-06E vaccine significantly enhances the efficacy of tuberculosis treatment, which is particularly important in DR tuberculosis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Agents for the Treatment against Tuberculosis)
Open AccessArticle
Iron-Reduced Graphene Oxide Core–Shell Micromotors Designed for Magnetic Guidance and Photothermal Therapy under Second Near-Infrared Light
by
Orlando Donoso-González, Ana L. Riveros, José F. Marco, Diego Venegas-Yazigi, Verónica Paredes-García, Camila F. Olguín, Cristina Mayorga-Lobos, Lorena Lobos-González, Felipe Franco-Campos, Joseph Wang, Marcelo J. Kogan, Soledad Bollo, Claudia Yañez and Daniela F. Báez
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070856 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
Core–shell micro/nanomotors have garnered significant interest in biomedicine owing to their versatile task-performing capabilities. However, their effectiveness for photothermal therapy (PTT) still faces challenges because of their poor tumor accumulation, lower light-to-heat conversion, and due to the limited penetration of near-infrared (NIR) light.
[...] Read more.
Core–shell micro/nanomotors have garnered significant interest in biomedicine owing to their versatile task-performing capabilities. However, their effectiveness for photothermal therapy (PTT) still faces challenges because of their poor tumor accumulation, lower light-to-heat conversion, and due to the limited penetration of near-infrared (NIR) light. In this study, we present a novel core–shell micromotor that combines magnetic and photothermal properties. It is synthesized via the template-assisted electrodeposition of iron (Fe) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on a microtubular pore-shaped membrane. The resulting Fe-rGO micromotor consists of a core of oval-shaped zero-valent iron nanoparticles with large magnetization. At the same time, the outer layer has a uniform reduced graphene oxide (rGO) topography. Combined, these Fe-rGO core–shell micromotors respond to magnetic forces and near-infrared (NIR) light (1064 nm), achieving a remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency of 78% at a concentration of 434 µg mL−1. They can also carry doxorubicin (DOX) and rapidly release it upon NIR irradiation. Additionally, preliminary results regarding the biocompatibility of these micromotors through in vitro tests on a 3D breast cancer model demonstrate low cytotoxicity and strong accumulation. These promising results suggest that such Fe-rGO core–shell micromotors could hold great potential for combined photothermal therapy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Characterisation of Novel Nanomedicine Formulations, 2nd Edition)
Open AccessCommunication
Expanding Role of Endogenous Biomarkers for Assessment of Transporter Activity in Drug Development: Current Applications and Future Horizon
by
Vikram Arya, Joseph D. Ma and Kine Eide Kvitne
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070855 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
The evaluation of transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions (DDIs) during drug development and post-approval contributes to benefit–risk assessment and helps formulate clinical management strategies. The use of endogenous biomarkers, which are substrates of clinically relevant uptake and efflux transporters, to assess the transporter inhibitory potential
[...] Read more.
The evaluation of transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions (DDIs) during drug development and post-approval contributes to benefit–risk assessment and helps formulate clinical management strategies. The use of endogenous biomarkers, which are substrates of clinically relevant uptake and efflux transporters, to assess the transporter inhibitory potential of a drug has received widespread attention. Endogenous biomarkers, such as coproporphyrin (CP) I and III, have increased mechanistic understanding of complex DDIs. Other endogenous biomarkers are under evaluation, including, but not limited to, sulfated bile acids and 4-pyridoxic acid (PDA). The role of endogenous biomarkers has expanded beyond facilitating assessment of transporter-mediated DDIs and they have also been used to understand alterations in transporter activity in the setting of organ dysfunction and various disease states. We envision that endogenous biomarker-informed approaches will not only help to formulate a prudent and informed DDI assessment strategy but also facilitate quantitative predictions of changes in drug exposures in specific populations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Transporters in Drug Development)
Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of Polyvinyl Alcohol as Binder during Continuous Twin Screw Wet Granulation
by
Phaedra Denduyver, Gudrun Birk, Alessandra Ambruosi, Chris Vervaet and Valérie Vanhoorne
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070854 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
Binder selection is a crucial step in continuous twin-screw wet granulation (TSWG), as the material experiences a much shorter residence time (2–40 s) in the granulator barrel compared to batch-wise granulation processes. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 4-88 was identified as an effective binder during
[...] Read more.
Binder selection is a crucial step in continuous twin-screw wet granulation (TSWG), as the material experiences a much shorter residence time (2–40 s) in the granulator barrel compared to batch-wise granulation processes. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 4-88 was identified as an effective binder during TSWG, but the potential of other PVA grades—differing in polymerization and hydrolysis degree—has not yet been studied. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the potential of different PVA grades as a binder during TSWG. The breakage and drying behavior during the fluidized bed drying of drug-loaded granules containing the PVA grades was also studied. Three PVA grades (4-88, 18-88, and 40-88) were characterized and their attributes were compared to previously investigated binders by Vandevivere et al. through principal component analysis. Three binder clusters could be distinguished according to their attributes, whereby each cluster contained a PVA grade and a previously investigated binder. PVA 4-88 was the most effective binder of the PVA grades for both a good water-soluble and water-insoluble formulation. This could be attributed to its high total surface energy, low viscosity, good wettability of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, and good wettability by water of the binder. Compared to the previously investigated binders, all PVA grades were more effective in the water-insoluble formulation, as they yielded strong granules (friability below 30%) at lower L/S-ratios. This was linked to the high dispersive surface energy of the high-energy sites on the surface of PVA grades and their low surface tension. During fluidized bed drying, PVA grades proved suitable binders, as the acetaminophen (APAP) granules were dried within a short time due to the low L/S-ratio, at which high-quality granules could be produced. In addition, no attrition occurred, and strong tablets were obtained. Based on this study, PVA could be the preferred binder during twin screw granulation due to its high binder effectiveness at a low L/S-ratio, allowing efficient downstream processing. However, process robustness must be controlled by the included excipients, as PVA grades are operating in a narrow L/S-ratio range.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Raw Material Properties on Solid Dosage Form Processes)
►▼
Show Figures
![](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-00854/article_deploy/pharmaceutics-16-00854-ag.png?1719317752)
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Cyclodextrins and Amino Acids Enhance Solubility and Tolerability of Retinoic Acid/Tretinoin: Molecular Docking, Physicochemical, Cytotoxicity, Scratch Assay, and Topical Gel Formulations Investigation
by
Zeinab Fathalla, Mai E. Shoman, Hebatallah S. Barakat, Adel Al Fatease, Ali H. Alamri and Hamdy Abdelkader
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(7), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070853 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
With increasing longevity globally, the search for effective and patient-friendly anti-aging solutions has been growing. Retinoic acid (Ret) is an FDA-approved anti-aging and anti-wrinkling formula, however, its poor solubility and poor tolerability hamper its use in cosmetically accepted formulations. In this study, cyclodextrins
[...] Read more.
With increasing longevity globally, the search for effective and patient-friendly anti-aging solutions has been growing. Retinoic acid (Ret) is an FDA-approved anti-aging and anti-wrinkling formula, however, its poor solubility and poor tolerability hamper its use in cosmetically accepted formulations. In this study, cyclodextrins and arginine were investigated for improving the solubility and tolerability of retinoic acid through the formation of inclusion complexes and salt formation, respectively. Two different methods were employed: physical mixing and kneading. The prepared dispersions were investigated for molecular docking (MD), solubility, thermal and spectral analyses, cytotoxicity, and scratch assays. The optimized disperse systems were formulated in a gel formulation and characterized for rheological, in vitro release, and kinetics. The MD, DSC, and FTIR results indicated that both β- and hydroxy propyl (HP) β-cyclodextrins could host RA in their cavities and form inclusion complexes. Ret can form a salt with the basic amino acid arginine. Solubility studies of RA significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced by 14- to 81-fold increases with the investigated cyclodextrins and arginine. The cell viability recorded for Ret:HP β-CD K and Ret:arginine K was significantly increased compared to that for Ret alone. The IC50% recorded for azelaic acid (mild to non-irritant control), Ret, Ret:HP β-CD K, and Ret:arginine K were 1000, 485, 1100, and 895 µg/mL, respectively. The two carriers (HP β-CD and the amino acid arginine) were able to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce the irritation potential of Ret. Furthermore, comparable gap closure rates were recorded for Ret alone, Ret:HP β-CD K, and Ret:arginine K, indicating that inclusion complexation and ion pair formation reduced the irritation potentials without undermining the efficacy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Topical Drug Delivery: Current Status and Perspectives)
![Pharmaceutics pharmaceutics-logo](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/pharmaceutics-logo.png?2955445519098098)
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Pharmaceutics Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Cancers, Cells, JCM, Radiation, Pharmaceutics, Applied Sciences, Nanomaterials, Current Oncology
Innovative Radiation Therapies
Topic Editors: Gérard Baldacchino, Eric Deutsch, Marie Dutreix, Sandrine Lacombe, Erika Porcel, Charlotte Robert, Emmanuelle Bourneuf, João Santos Sousa, Aurélien de la LandeDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Antibiotics, JPM, Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling in Drug Discovery and Development
Topic Editors: Inaki F. Troconiz, Victor Mangas Sanjuán, Maria Garcia-Cremades MiraDeadline: 31 August 2024
Topic in
Molecules, Pharmaceutics, Antibiotics, Microorganisms, Biomolecules, Marine Drugs, Polymers, IJMS
Antimicrobial Agents and Nanomaterials
Topic Editors: Sandra Pinto, Vasco D. B. BonifácioDeadline: 30 September 2024
Topic in
Antibiotics, Biomedicines, JCM, Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics
Challenges and Future Prospects of Antibacterial Therapy
Topic Editors: Kwang-sun Kim, Zehra EdisDeadline: 31 October 2024
![loading...](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1719563568)
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Pharmaceutics
A Commemorative Issue in Honor of Professor Gregory Gregoriadis: Liposomes for the Delivery of Drugs and Vaccines
Guest Editor: Sophia G. AntimisiarisDeadline: 30 June 2024
Special Issue in
Pharmaceutics
State-of-Art in mRNA Therapeutics and Gene Delivery
Guest Editor: Liliana MendoncaDeadline: 20 July 2024
Special Issue in
Pharmaceutics
Orally Disintegrating Dosage Forms Based on Cyclodextrins and Hydrophilic Polymers
Guest Editor: Francesca MaestrelliDeadline: 31 July 2024
Special Issue in
Pharmaceutics
Recent Advances in Radiopharmaceutics, 2nd Edition
Guest Editor: Masato KobayashiDeadline: 10 August 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Pharmaceutics
Feature Papers in Pharmaceutical Technology
Collection Editor: Thierry Vandamme
Topical Collection in
Pharmaceutics
Advanced Pharmaceutical Science and Technology in Korea
Collection Editors: Hyo-Kyung Han, Beom-Jin Lee
Topical Collection in
Pharmaceutics
Advanced Pharmaceutical Science and Technology in Estonia
Collection Editors: Karin Kogermann, Jana Lass
Topical Collection in
Pharmaceutics
Women in Pharmaceutics
Collection Editors: Donatella Paolino, Cinzia Anna Ventura