Significance of Crosslinking Approaches in the Development of Next Generation Hydrogels for Corneal Tissue Engineering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Crosslinking in Hydrogel Fabrication for Corneal Regeneration
2.1. Dehydrothermal Treatment (DHT)
2.2. Ultra-Violet (UV) Irradiation
2.3. Crosslinking Using Chemical Additives
2.3.1. Glutaraldehyde (GA)
2.3.2. 1,4-Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether (BDDGE)
2.3.3. Genipin
2.3.4. Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] Carbodiimide Hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxy-succinimide (NHS)
2.4. Other Approaches
2.5. Comparative Studies
3. Crosslinking Strategies for Injectable Hydrogel
3.1. Gelation and Formulation
3.2. The Injectable Hydrogels in Treatment
4. Impact of Crosslinkers on Hydrogel Characteristics
4.1. Mechanical Characteristics
4.2. Degradation and Structural Properties
4.3. Toxicity and Biocompatibility
5. Challenges and Future Perspective
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Paper | Biomaterial | Crosslinkers | Fabrication Method | Cell Study | In Vivo Study |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glutaraldehyde (GA) | |||||
[57] | Gelatin | 10% GA at 4 °C for 14 h | Lyophilization | - | Pigmented rabbits |
[58] | Collagen I + chondroitin sulphate | GA conc. (0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08%) | Air-lifted and maintained at air-liquid interfaces | Keratocytes ± corneal epithelial and endothelial cells | - |
[67] | Collagen + poly(ethylene oxide dialdehyde) | GA | Air drying and argon plasma surface modification | Human epithelial cells | - |
[59] | Hyaluronic acid | 100 mM GA at 25 °C for 2 days | Solution casting and air-drying | Corneal endothelial cells | - |
[60] | Hyaluronic acid | 100 mM GA at 25 °C for 2 days | Solution casting and air-drying | - | New Zealand white rabbits |
[41] | Gelatin | 50 mM GA at 25 °C for 80 min | Solution casting and air-drying | Rat iris pigment epithelial cells | New Zealand white rabbits |
[61] | Collagen, copolymers of collagen and TERP | 0.22% GA at room temperature for 7 days | Air drying | - | Adult laboratory beagles |
[62] | Amniotic membrane | 0.1% GA and hyperdried | Far infrared rays and microwaves | - | Three eyes of three patients |
[63] | Hyaluronic acid + itaconic acid + PEGDE | GA under acidic pH | Air drying | Human corneal epithelial cell line | New Zealand white rabbits |
[64] | Amniotic membrane (AM) | 0.05 mmol GA per mg AM | Air drying | Limbal epithelial cells | - |
[65] | Canine AM + atelocollagen | 0.1% GA | Air drying | Canine corneal epithelial cells | - |
[66] | Carboxymethyl chitosan + poloxamer | 1% GA for 1 h at 50 °C | Air drying | Human corneal epithelial cells | - |
1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDGE) | |||||
[69] | Chitosan + gelatin + chondroitin sulfate | 0.5% BDDGE | Lyophilization | Human and rabbit keratocytes | - |
[70] | Porcine collagen type I | BDDGE at pH 11 | Air drying | Human corneal epithelial and rodent DRG cell | - |
Genipin (GP) | |||||
[75] | Chitosan + collagen, cellulose or elastin | GP (40 µL) | Air drying | Human corneal epithelial cells | - |
[76] | Chitosan | 0.5–5.0 mM GP | Lyophilization | Human corneal epithelial cells | - |
[77] | Carboxymethyl chitosan + poloxamer | 02–0.8% GP | Lyophilization | - | New Zealand rabbits (ex vivo) |
Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) & N-hydroxy-succinimide (NHS) | |||||
[87] | Amniotic membranes (AM) | 0–0.25 mmol EDC per mg AM EDC:NHS molar ratios = 5:1 | Immersion | Limbal epithelial cells | New Zealand white rabbits |
[41] | Gelatin | 50 mM EDC | Solution casting and air-drying | Rat iris pigment epithelial cells | New Zealand white rabbits |
[88] | Hyaluronic acid | 10 mM EDC at 25 °C for 2 days | Lyophilization | Corneal endothelia | New Zealand white rabbits |
[89] | Hyaluronic acid | 10 mM EDC | Lyophilization | Corneal endothelia | New Zealand white rabbits |
[90] | Collagen I + gelatin (Col/Gel) | EDC:NHS:(Col/Gel) = 1:1:12 for 4 h | Lyophilization | Human mesenchymal stem cells | - |
Other crosslinkers | |||||
[91] | Type I collagen | Generation 2 polypropyleneimine octaamine dendrimers | Chemical crosslinking | Human corneal epithelial cells | - |
[92,93] | PEG and PAAc double network hydrogel | 50% acrylic acid 1% v/v with respect to hydroxyl-2-methyl propiophenone and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate | Two-step sequential network formation technique | Primary corneal epithelial and fibroblast cells | New Zealand Red rabbits |
[94] | Collagen coupled PEG/PAAc | 1% triethylene glycol dimethacrylate for 24 h at room temperature | UV- free radical polymerization | Rabbit corneal cell line | New Zealand Red rabbits |
[85] | PEG-stabilized collagen + chitosan | Hybrid cross-linking system comprising of a long-range bi-functional cross-linker | Chemical crosslinking | Human corneal epithelial cells, and DRG | Yucatan porcine cornea and rat subcutaneous |
[86] | Collagen–phosphorylcholine | PEG diacrylate initiated by ammonium persulphate or 0.5% Irgacure 2959 | Photopolymerization | Human corneal epithelial cell line and DRG | Mini-pigs and New Zealand white rabbits |
[95] | Neoglycopolymer—recombinant collagen III | Carbohydrate-functionalized norbornenes | Tandem ring-open metathesis polymerization hydrogenation | Human corneal epithelial cells | - |
[96] | Hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCTS) | Sodium alginate dialdehyde (20 mg/mL) mixed equal volume with HPCTS | Self-cross-linking process of chitosan and oxidized alginate | Corneal endothelial cells | New Zealand rabbits |
[97] | Collagen I-Immobilized PEG | 1% Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) | UV-initiated free radical polymerization | Human corneal epithelial cells | - |
[98] | Chitosan + PEG | Diepoxy-PEG:cystamine (4:1 molar ratio) | Casting and chemical crosslinking for 24 h at 25 °C | Sheep endothelial cell | Ovine eyes (ex vivo) |
[99] | Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) | N, N′-methylenebis 0.5% acrylamide | Polymerization and molding processes | Rabbit corneal stromal cells | New Zealand rabbits |
[100] | Levofloxacin loaded glycol chitosan | 4-arm polyethylene glycol with aldehyde end groups (4-arm PEG-CHO) | Chemical crosslinking | L-929 cells | - |
[101] | GelCORE bioadhesive hydrogels | Photocrosslinking with visible light (450 to 550 nm) | Lyophilization, chemical and photo-crosslinking | Corneal fibroblast cells | New Zealand white rabbits |
Paper | Biomaterial | Crosslinkers & Concentration | Results |
---|---|---|---|
[91] | Type I collagen | Generation 2 polypropyleneimine octaamine dendrimers: EDC: molar ratio 1:1 GA: 0.02%. | Dendrimer-crosslinked gel had no cellular toxicity and higher glucose permeability than natural human cornea and more transparent than GA/EDC crosslinked gels |
[59] | Hyaluronic acid (HA) | EDC:100 mM GA:100 mM | EDC-HA was more transparent, smoother surface, faster degradation and lower toxicity than GA-HA |
[60] | Hyaluronic acid (HA) | EDC:100 mM GA:100 mM | EDC-HA gel had no adverse inflammatory reaction GA-HA gel induced significant inflammatory cell infiltration and foreign body reaction observed |
[41] | Gelatin | EDC:50 mM GA:50 mM | EDC-gelatin was biocompatible without causing toxicity GA-gelatin showed significant inflammatory reaction |
[102] | Chitosan | 10 mM GA 10 mM Genipin (GP) | GP crosslinked implants were more biocompatible without providing significant intraocular inflammation |
[103] | Recombinant human atelocollagen type III | EDC: 0.3 ME (Molar equivalent) CMC: 2.0 ME. | CMC crosslinked samples had comparable properties to EDC crosslinked hydrogels |
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Bhattacharjee, P.; Ahearne, M. Significance of Crosslinking Approaches in the Development of Next Generation Hydrogels for Corneal Tissue Engineering. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030319
Bhattacharjee P, Ahearne M. Significance of Crosslinking Approaches in the Development of Next Generation Hydrogels for Corneal Tissue Engineering. Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(3):319. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030319
Chicago/Turabian StyleBhattacharjee, Promita, and Mark Ahearne. 2021. "Significance of Crosslinking Approaches in the Development of Next Generation Hydrogels for Corneal Tissue Engineering" Pharmaceutics 13, no. 3: 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030319