Effervescent Atomizer as Novel Cell Spray Technology to Decrease the Gas-to-Liquid Ratio

Thiebes, Anja Lena; Klein, Sarah; Zingsheim, Jonas; Möller, Georg H.; Gürzing, Stefanie; Reddemann, Manuel A.; Behbahani, Mehdi; Jockenhoevel, Stefan; Cornelissen, Christian G.

doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14112421

Open AccessArticle

Effervescent Atomizer as Novel Cell Spray Technology to Decrease the Gas-to-Liquid Ratio

by

Anja Lena Thiebes

^1,2,*,†

,

Sarah Klein

^1,2,†,

Jonas Zingsheim

^1,3,

Georg H. Möller

⁴,

Stefanie Gürzing

⁴

,

Manuel A. Reddemann

⁴,

Mehdi Behbahani

³,

Stefan Jockenhoevel

^1,2,*

and

Christian G. Cornelissen

^1,5

¹

Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME—Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany

²

Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands

³

Laboratory Biomaterial, University of Applied Sciences Aachen, Heinrich-Mußmann-Straße 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany

⁴

Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer (WSA), RWTH Aachen University, Augustinerbach 6, 52056 Aachen, Germany

⁵

Department of Pneumology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Clinic V, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(11), 2421; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112421

Submission received: 22 September 2022 / Revised: 27 October 2022 / Accepted: 3 November 2022 / Published: 9 November 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stromal, Stem, Signaling Cells: The Multiple Roles and Applications of Mesenchymal Cells)

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Abstract

Cell spraying has become a feasible application method for cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches. Different devices have been used with varying success. Often, twin-fluid atomizers are used, which require a high gas velocity for optimal aerosolization characteristics. To decrease the amount and velocity of required air, a custom-made atomizer was designed based on the effervescent principle. Different designs were evaluated regarding spray characteristics and their influence on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. The arithmetic mean diameters of the droplets were 15.4–33.5 µm with decreasing diameters for increasing gas-to-liquid ratios. The survival rate was >90% of the control for the lowest gas-to-liquid ratio. For higher ratios, cell survival decreased to approximately 50%. Further experiments were performed with the design, which had shown the highest survival rates. After seven days, no significant differences in metabolic activity were observed. The apoptosis rates were not influenced by aerosolization, while high gas-to-liquid ratios caused increased necrosis levels. Tri-lineage differentiation potential into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts was not negatively influenced by aerosolization. Thus, the effervescent aerosolization principle was proven suitable for cell applications requiring reduced amounts of supplied air. This is the first time an effervescent atomizer was used for cell processing.

Keywords: cell aerosolization; cell atomization; adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs); twin-fluid atomizer; survival; tri-lineage differentiation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Thiebes, A.L.; Klein, S.; Zingsheim, J.; Möller, G.H.; Gürzing, S.; Reddemann, M.A.; Behbahani, M.; Jockenhoevel, S.; Cornelissen, C.G. Effervescent Atomizer as Novel Cell Spray Technology to Decrease the Gas-to-Liquid Ratio. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 2421. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112421

AMA Style

Thiebes AL, Klein S, Zingsheim J, Möller GH, Gürzing S, Reddemann MA, Behbahani M, Jockenhoevel S, Cornelissen CG. Effervescent Atomizer as Novel Cell Spray Technology to Decrease the Gas-to-Liquid Ratio. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(11):2421. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112421

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thiebes, Anja Lena, Sarah Klein, Jonas Zingsheim, Georg H. Möller, Stefanie Gürzing, Manuel A. Reddemann, Mehdi Behbahani, Stefan Jockenhoevel, and Christian G. Cornelissen. 2022. "Effervescent Atomizer as Novel Cell Spray Technology to Decrease the Gas-to-Liquid Ratio" Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11: 2421. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112421

APA Style

Thiebes, A. L., Klein, S., Zingsheim, J., Möller, G. H., Gürzing, S., Reddemann, M. A., Behbahani, M., Jockenhoevel, S., & Cornelissen, C. G. (2022). Effervescent Atomizer as Novel Cell Spray Technology to Decrease the Gas-to-Liquid Ratio. Pharmaceutics, 14(11), 2421. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112421

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Effervescent Atomizer as Novel Cell Spray Technology to Decrease the Gas-to-Liquid Ratio

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