Pentoxifylline/Chitosan Films on Wound Healing: In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Film Preparation
2.2. Characterization of Films
2.2.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.2.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.2.3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.2.4. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.3. In Vitro Release Test with Franz Cells in Synthetic Membrane
- Zero-order [35]
- First-order [36]
- Higuchi Model [36]
- Korsmeyer–Peppas Model [37]
- Hixson–Crowell Model [38]
2.4. Study of Wound Healing In Vivo
2.4.1. Animals
2.4.2. Wound Healing Assay: Treatment Groups, Clinical and Morphometric Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Film Development and Characterization
3.1.1. FTIR Spectroscopy Analysis
3.1.2. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
3.1.3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.2. In Vitro Release Study
3.3. In Vivo Study
Clinical Aspects and Morphometric Analysis of Skin Wounds
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Treatment | Number of Animals | Duration of the Treatment |
---|---|---|---|
G1 | Sterile saline solution 0.9% (200 µL) (SS) | 7 | 9 days |
G2 | CSF | 7 | |
G3 | F1 (1370.72 µg PTX) | 7 | |
G4 | F2 (2741.45 µg PTX) | 7 | |
G5 | Betamethasone Dipropionate Ointment with Gentamicin Sulfate (BD + GS O) | 7 | |
The total amount of animals | 35 |
Formulations | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models | F1 | F2 | |||
k0 (µg.min−1) | r2 | k (µg.min−1) | r2 | ||
Zero-order | t ≤ 2 h | 30.54 | 0.9519 | 32.21 | 0.9585 |
t ≥ 2 h | 1.75 | 0.9453 | 1.86 | 0.9570 | |
First-order | k1 (min−1) × 10−3 | k1 (min−1) × 10−3 | |||
t ≤ 2 h | 0.40 | 0.9735 | 0.43 | 0.9790 | |
t ≥ 2 h | 0.04 | 0.9806 | 0.05 | 0.9830 | |
Higuchi | kH (µg.min−1/2) | kH (µg.min−1/2) | |||
t ≤ 2 h | 39.86 | 0.9821 | 42.03 | 0.9855 | |
t ≥ 2 h | 12.48 | 0.9857 | 13.25 | 0.9832 | |
Korsmeyer–Peppas | kkp(min−n) × 10−3 | kH (µg.min−1/2) | |||
t ≤ 2 h * | 42.81 | 0.9958 | 45.13 | 0.9965 | |
n * | 0.2060 | 0.1081 | |||
t ≥ 2 h ** | 34.98 | 0.9906 | 39.07 | 0.9974 | |
n ** | 0.1074 | 0.1914 | |||
Hixson–Crowell | kHC (µg1/3.min−1) × 10−3 | kHC (µg1/3.min−1) × 10−3 | |||
t ≥ 2 h | 0.12 | 0.9678 | 0.13 | 0.9737 | |
t ≤ 2 h | 0.01 | 0.9854 | 0.01 | 0.9852 | |
Best Fit | Korsmeyer–Peppas | Korsmeyer–Peppas |
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Moreira, V.M.; Leite, J.M.d.S.; Medeiros, K.d.A.; Assis, K.M.A.d.; Borges, J.C.; Santana, L.M.B.; Moreira, L.M.C.d.C.; Alves, L.P.; Oliveira, T.K.B.d.; Silveira, J.W.d.S.d.; et al. Pentoxifylline/Chitosan Films on Wound Healing: In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041122
Moreira VM, Leite JMdS, Medeiros KdA, Assis KMAd, Borges JC, Santana LMB, Moreira LMCdC, Alves LP, Oliveira TKBd, Silveira JWdSd, et al. Pentoxifylline/Chitosan Films on Wound Healing: In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(4):1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041122
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoreira, Vandiara Martins, Joandra Maísa da Silva Leite, Kaline de Araújo Medeiros, Karoll Moangella Andrade de Assis, Joyce Cordeiro Borges, Lucas Matheus Barreto Santana, Lívia Maria Coelho de Carvalho Moreira, Larissa Pereira Alves, Tharcia Kiara Beserra de Oliveira, João Walter de Souza da Silveira, and et al. 2023. "Pentoxifylline/Chitosan Films on Wound Healing: In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation" Pharmaceutics 15, no. 4: 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041122