Polymeric Microneedles Enhance Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Hydrogel Preparation
2.3. Hydrogel Characterization
2.4. Microneedle Fabrication
2.5. Skin Preparation
2.6. Ultrastructural Evaluation
2.7. Chemical Characterization
2.8. Mechanical Analysis
2.9. Dye Binding Studies
2.10. Histological Analysis
2.11. Microchannel Uniformity
2.12. Microchannel Depth
2.13. Skin Integrity Evaluation
- RS denotes the electrical resistance of the skin (kΩ/sq·cm).
- The voltage reduction across the tissue, as measured by the multimeter, is indicated by VS (mV).
- VO represents the fixed circuit voltage at 100 mV.
- RL reflects the load resistance at 100 kΩ.
- A indicates the permeation area of a Franz diffusion cells.
2.14. Permeation Studies
2.15. Skin Disposition Studies
2.16. Statistical Evaluation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydrogel Characterization
3.2. Ultrastructural Evaluation
3.3. Chemical Characterization
3.4. Mechanical Analysis
3.5. Dye Binding Studies
3.6. Histological Analysis
3.7. Microchannel Uniformity
3.8. Microchannel Depth
3.9. Skin Integrity Evaluation
3.10. Permeation Studies
3.11. Skin Disposition Studies
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FTIR | Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy |
MTX | Methotrexate |
PBS | Phosphate-Buffered Saline |
PPI | Pore Permeability Index |
RP-HPLC | Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography |
SD | Standard Deviation |
SEM | Scanning Electron Microscopy |
TEWL | Transepidermal Water Loss |
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Microneedles | Needle Length (µm) | Needle-to-Needle Distance (µm) | Base Side (µm) | Tip Diameter (µm) | Pore Area in Skin (sq·µm) | Pore Depth (µm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLGA 50-2A | 393.46 ± 74.89 | 518.36 ± 8.30 | 162.20 ± 6.88 | 21.62 ± 17.98 | NA a | NA a |
PLGA 50-8A | 449.82 ± 9.94 | 516.63 ± 6.39 | 164.03 ± 4.73 | 3.66 ± 1.09 | NA a | NA a |
Treated PLGA 50-2A | 161.77 ± 65.94 | 516.92 ± 11.64 | 163.88 ± 11.99 | 104.61 ± 32.24 | 8567.11 ± 1812.77 | 74.00 ± 23.90 |
Treated PLGA 50-8A | 446.54 ± 7.11 | 515.30 ± 10.02 | 162.08 ± 9.36 | 16.65 ±2.19 | 9267.40 ± 3519.77 | 99.00 ± 7.75 |
Group | Q24 a (µg/sq·cm) | Tlag b (h) | Jss c (µg/sq·cm/h) | D d × 10−5 (sq·cm/h) | Kp e × 10−4 (cm/h) | Css f (µg/L) | Total Delivery g (µg/sq·cm) | Delivery Efficiency h (%) | Topical Selectivity i (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Untreated | 0.00 ± 0.00 | NA j | 0.00 ± 0.00 | NAj | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 2.53 ± 0.48 | 2.53 ± 0.48 | 100.00 ± 0.00 |
Base-treated | 0.00 ± 0.00 | NA j | 0.00 ± 0.00 | NAj | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 2.60 ± 0.45 | 2.60 ± 0.45 | 100.00 ± 0.00 |
PLGA 50-2A | 6.13 ± 1.61 | 4.16 ± 0.74 | 0.34 ± 0.05 | 3.88 ± 0.66 | 3.40 ± 0.49 | 311.58 ± 45.23 | 9.44 ± 1.59 | 9.44 ± 1.59 | 35.86 ± 7.37 |
PLGA 50-8A | 39.25 ± 10.89 | 1.33 ± 0.42 | 1.69 ± 0.50 | 11.85 ± 4.55 | 16.90 ± 5.04 | 988.92 ± 294.85 | 44.15 ± 10.62 | 44.15 ± 10.62 | 11.60 ± 3.36 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Nguyen, H.X.; Kipping, T.; Banga, A.K. Polymeric Microneedles Enhance Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2024, 16, 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070845
Nguyen HX, Kipping T, Banga AK. Polymeric Microneedles Enhance Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics. 2024; 16(7):845. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070845
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Hiep X., Thomas Kipping, and Ajay K. Banga. 2024. "Polymeric Microneedles Enhance Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutics" Pharmaceutics 16, no. 7: 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16070845