Proposal for a System Model for Offline Seismic Event Detection in Colombia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Problem Statement
3. Earthquake Detection Methodologies
3.1. Traditional Approaches
3.2. Current Approaches
4. Seismic Detection Model Proposal
4.1. Seismic Data Seeking and Gathering
- Trace files (Waveforms), which contain the seismic samples taken by all seismological stations available around the region of interest.
- Parameter files (Sfiles), which provide detailed information about the seismic events, such as the longitude and latitude of the epicenter and the P-wave and the S-wave arrival times, among others.
4.2. Reading and Interpretation of the Seismic Records
4.3. Analysis of Seismological Stations
- The distance from the hypocenter and the epicenter (hypocenter and epicenter distances) to the geographic position of the station defines the amount of attenuation of the seismic wave.
- The geomorphology to which the seismic waves are exposed on the way to the station defines the propagation pattern and the attenuation of the seismic waves.
- The natural and artificial noise sources demean the seismic records due to the loss of quality regarding the content associated with seismic information, adding sources of information that concern other events that are not from a seismic nature.
- The technical parameters of the stations such as measurement channels, signal-to-noise ratio, analog-to-digital conversion, sampling rates, sensitivity, and dynamic range define how the seismic event is perceived from an analog source to a digital environment.
4.4. Sample Selection
- Inconsistencies in the file formats: There are different formats in which a seismic file can be structured, as SEED and miniSEED. During the processing and storage stages, the data are susceptible to be modified or lost, since there are multiple sources of information. Sometimes, these modifications alter the file formats, making them inconsistent. The files that present inconsistencies in the format and cannot be read correctly must be discarded.
- Absence of trace files that correspond to SEED and SAC existing parameter files: As part of the data storage process, the seismic information extracted from the seismic events (Sfiles) and the seismic samples (Waveforms) are recorded in separate files, as described in previous sections. Some of them are stored as part of the dataset without being associated. In this way, cases in which seismic information is recorded and samples were lost and vice versa can be found. Those files where the description data do not correspond to the seismic traces must be discarded.
- Lack of start and end times and/or inexistence of P-wave and S-wave arrival times in the events recorded: when a seismic event is recorded, some variables are measured, among which are the start time and end time of the event and the P-wave and S-wave arrival times. These values are very important to train classification algorithms, as some specific samples can be extracted from the seismograms, knowing when the earthquake began and when it finished. Unfortunately, some files can be well stored but lacking one or more of these four key parameters. In this case, it should be analyzed whether it is possible to determine the start or end date of the event by processing the seismic traces. If this is not possible, the files must be discarded.
4.5. Classification Process
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Miranda, J.; Flórez, A.; Ospina, G.; Gamboa, C.; Flórez, C.; Altuve, M. Proposal for a System Model for Offline Seismic Event Detection in Colombia. Future Internet 2020, 12, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12120231
Miranda J, Flórez A, Ospina G, Gamboa C, Flórez C, Altuve M. Proposal for a System Model for Offline Seismic Event Detection in Colombia. Future Internet. 2020; 12(12):231. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12120231
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiranda, Julián, Angélica Flórez, Gustavo Ospina, Ciro Gamboa, Carlos Flórez, and Miguel Altuve. 2020. "Proposal for a System Model for Offline Seismic Event Detection in Colombia" Future Internet 12, no. 12: 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi12120231