Assessing Latency of Packet Delivery in the 5G 3GPP Integrated Access and Backhaul Architecture with Half-Duplex Constraints
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The detailed queuing-based model for delay assessment in TDM-based IAB deployments with multiple network configurations and various time allocation strategies between access and backhaul;
- Numerical results showing a linear increase in the total packet delay on the uplink and downlink as the maximum number of network tiers (hops) increases, as well as a noticeable influence of the resource allocation scheme between access and backhaul, which requires further study;
- The impact of increasing the maximum number of IAB-nodes on the end-to-end delay strongly depends on the choice of the topology and requires maintaining the optimal ratio between the maximum number of hops and the average network load. Determining this ratio is subject to further research.
2. Background and Related Work
2.1. IAB Features and Standardization
- Multi-hop backhauling;
- Multiplexing of the access and backhaul links;
- Multi-beaming;
- Multi-connectivity.
2.2. Overview of Related Studies
- Topology management: Emphasis is placed on designing the network protocols and architecture, as well as the description of traffic control procedures.
- Route selection: When adopting multi-hop access technology, the classic problem of traffic routing and resource allocation in the RAN is complicated by the half-duplex constraint and the need to take into account the spectral efficiency due to wireless backhauling.
- Resource allocation between backhaul and access: Channel multiplexing and cross-link interference are proposed for study. Resource management in the context of interference avoidance is required because 5G NR can operate at relatively low frequencies, for which antenna arrays do not have such a high directivity as for mmWave. In the case of mmWave, the problem is largely solved by spacing the IAB-node antennas at a short distance away from each other [10].
- Spectral efficiency: The need for improving the existing mechanisms, such as modulation and coding schemes, is expressed. However, the report also emphasizes the importance of reusing standard NR solutions as much as possible.
2.2.1. Topology Management
2.2.2. Route Selection
2.2.3. Resource Allocation
2.2.4. Spectral Efficiency
2.2.5. Summary
3. System Model
3.1. IAB System Specifics
3.2. Topology Description
3.3. Packet Transmission
3.4. Time Division Duplexing and Multiplexing
- Transmitting to a network node (transmit backhaul);
- Receiving from a network node (receive backhaul);
- Transmitting to associated UEs (transmit access);
- Receiving from associated UEs (receive access).
3.5. Performance Metrics
- The total packet delay in the uplink defined as the time from the instant the packet joins the inbound access buffer in its sector to the instant it leaves the system;
- The total packet delay in the downlink defined as the time from the instant the packet joins a buffer in Node 1 to the instant it leaves the system via an access link.
4. Scenario and Parameterization
4.1. Considered Scenario
4.2. Parameterized TDM Pattern
- : transmit access;
- : receive access.
- : receive access;
- : transmit access.
- : (1,3) transmits backhaul, (2,1) receives backhaul;
- : (1,3) transmits access, (2,1) receives access;
- : (1,3) receives backhaul, (2,1) transmits backhaul;
- : (1,3) receive access, (2,1) transmits access.
4.3. Implementation Specifics and Data Collection
5. Numerical Results
- Topology #1: Tier 1: 2/3 T, Tier 2: 1/3 T.
- Topology #2: Tier 1: 5/6 T, Tier 2: 1/2 T, Tier 3: 1/3 T.
- Topology #3: Tier 1: 2/3 T, Tier 2: 1/2 T, Tier 3: 1/3 T.
- Topology #4: Tier 1: 5/6 T, Tier 2: 2/3 T, Tier 3: 1/2 T, tier 4: 1/6 T.
- 9 networks of Topology # 0 (only IAB-donor),
- 7 networks of Topology # 1 (IAB-donor + 3 IAB-nodes),
- 6 networks of Topology # 2 (IAB-donor + 5 IAB-nodes),
- 4 networks of Topology # 3 (IAB-donor + 7 IAB-nodes) or
- 2 networks of Topology # 4 (IAB-donor + 14 IAB-nodes).
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Challenge | Sub-Problem | Related Papers | |
---|---|---|---|
Half-Duplex Assumed | Full-Duplex Assumed | ||
Topology management | Protocols and architecture design | [20,21,22,23,24,25] | [26,27,28,29,30,31] |
Control and user plane procedures for multi-hop traffic forwarding and QoS handling | [32,33,34,35,36] | [37,38] | |
Route selection | Management of backhaul links and dynamic route selection and benefit evaluation | [9,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46] | N/A |
Resource allocation | Multiplexing | [11,12,47] | [48,49,50] |
Cross-link interference | [10,15,16,17,51] | [52,53,54,55,56] | |
Spectral efficiency | Physical Layer solutions or enhancements | N/A | [57,58,59,60,61] |
Start Time | End Time | Sector | Sector |
---|---|---|---|
transmit backhaul | receive backhaul | ||
transmit access | receive access | ||
receive backhaul | transmit backhaul | ||
receive access | transmit access |
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Polyakov, N.; Platonova, A. Assessing Latency of Packet Delivery in the 5G 3GPP Integrated Access and Backhaul Architecture with Half-Duplex Constraints. Future Internet 2022, 14, 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14110345
Polyakov N, Platonova A. Assessing Latency of Packet Delivery in the 5G 3GPP Integrated Access and Backhaul Architecture with Half-Duplex Constraints. Future Internet. 2022; 14(11):345. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14110345
Chicago/Turabian StylePolyakov, Nikita, and Anna Platonova. 2022. "Assessing Latency of Packet Delivery in the 5G 3GPP Integrated Access and Backhaul Architecture with Half-Duplex Constraints" Future Internet 14, no. 11: 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14110345