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Volume 8
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World Electric Vehicle Journal is published by MDPI from Volume 9 issue 1 (2018). Previous articles were published by The World Electric Vehicle Association (WEVA) and its member the European Association for e-Mobility (AVERE), the Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA), and the Electric Vehicle Association of Asia Pacific (EVAAP). They are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with AVERE.
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Article

Electric and Hybrid Electric Non-Road Mobile Machinery – Present Situation and Future Trends

by
Antti Lajunen
1,*,
Jussi Suomela
2,
Jenni Pippuri
3,
Kari Tammi
1,
Teemu Lehmuspelto
1 and
Panu Sainio
1
1
Aalto University, School of Engineering, PL 14300, 00076, AALTO, Finland
2
Hybria Oy, Menninkäisentie 5A, 02110, Espoo, Finland
3
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(1), 172-183; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8010172
Published: 25 March 2016
Versions Notes

Abstract

Electrification of non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) is a growing trend. This paper highlights the potential of electric and hybrid powertrains in different NRMM sectors and elaborates the factors that may hinder the development. The NRMM sectors, the vehicle types, their operation and duty cycles and market shares are described. Comparison between the typical duty cycles and operation of on-road and off-road vehicles is performed in order to gain insight into the specific features of off-road vehicles. The development of NRMM is subject to various drivers that range from customer needs to fuel and energy prices and rules and legislation. The main results of our study are 1) a review of the present status and analysis of the future trends and potential of electrification and hybridization of NRMM and, 2) propositions for overcoming the challenges that are related to the electrification and hybridization of NRMM.
Keywords: hybrid powertrain; electric powertrain; non-road mobile machinery; hybridization; emissions hybrid powertrain; electric powertrain; non-road mobile machinery; hybridization; emissions

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lajunen, A.; Suomela, J.; Pippuri, J.; Tammi, K.; Lehmuspelto, T.; Sainio, P. Electric and Hybrid Electric Non-Road Mobile Machinery – Present Situation and Future Trends. World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8, 172-183. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8010172

AMA Style

Lajunen A, Suomela J, Pippuri J, Tammi K, Lehmuspelto T, Sainio P. Electric and Hybrid Electric Non-Road Mobile Machinery – Present Situation and Future Trends. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2016; 8(1):172-183. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8010172

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lajunen, Antti, Jussi Suomela, Jenni Pippuri, Kari Tammi, Teemu Lehmuspelto, and Panu Sainio. 2016. "Electric and Hybrid Electric Non-Road Mobile Machinery – Present Situation and Future Trends" World Electric Vehicle Journal 8, no. 1: 172-183. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8010172

APA Style

Lajunen, A., Suomela, J., Pippuri, J., Tammi, K., Lehmuspelto, T., & Sainio, P. (2016). Electric and Hybrid Electric Non-Road Mobile Machinery – Present Situation and Future Trends. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 8(1), 172-183. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8010172

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