Next Article in Journal
Posttraumatic and Idiopathic Spike–Wave Discharges in Rats: Discrimination by Morphology and Thalamus Involvement
Next Article in Special Issue
Astrocytoma Mimicking Herpetic Meningoencephalitis: The Role of Non-Invasive Multimodal Monitoring in Neurointensivism
Previous Article in Journal
Sensory Motor Function Disturbances in Mice Prenatally Exposed to Low Dose of Ethanol: A Neurobehavioral Study in Postnatal and Adult Stages
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Neurology International
Volume 15
Issue 2
10.3390/neurolint15020037
neurolint-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Macrophages in Recurrent Glioblastoma as a Prognostic Factor in the Synergistic System of the Tumor Microenvironment

by
Nicola Montemurro
1,*,
Bhavya Pahwa
2,
Anish Tayal
2,
Anushruti Shukla
2,
Manuel De Jesus Encarnacion
3,
Issael Ramirez
4,
Renat Nurmukhametov
5,
Vishal Chavda
6 and
Antonella De Carlo
1
1
Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
2
University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, New Delhi 110095, India
3
Department of Neurosurgery, Russian People’s Friendship University, 121359 Moscow, Russia
4
Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
5
Department of Spinal Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 121359 Moscow, Russia
6
Department of Pathology, Stanford of School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Centre, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Neurol. Int. 2023, 15(2), 595-608; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15020037
Submission received: 12 March 2023 / Revised: 5 April 2023 / Accepted: 21 April 2023 / Published: 23 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glioblastoma: Mechanics of Development, Progression and New Surgical and Clinical Management)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a common and highly malignant primary tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Ever more recent papers are focusing on understanding the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in affecting tumorigenesis and the subsequent prognosis. We assessed the impact of macrophages in the TME on the prognosis in patients with recurrent GBM. A PubMed, MEDLINE and Scopus review was conducted to identify all studies dealing with macrophages in the GBM microenvironment from January 2016 to December 2022. Glioma-associated macrophages (GAMs) act critically in enhancing tumor progression and can alter drug resistance, promoting resistance to radiotherapy and establishing an immunosuppressive environment. M1 macrophages are characterized by increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-27, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), CCL2, and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), IGF1, that can lead to the destruction of the tissue. In contrast, M2 is supposed to participate in immunosuppression and tumor progression, which is formed after being exposed to the macrophage M-CSF, IL-10, IL-35 and the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-β). Because there is currently no standard of care in recurrent GBM, novel identified targeted therapies based on the complex signaling and interactions between the glioma stem cells (GSCs) and the TME, especially resident microglia and bone-marrow-derived macrophages, may be helpful in improving the overall survival of these patients in the near future.
Keywords: macrophages; glioblastoma; tumor microenvironment; prognostic factor; synergistic system; microglia macrophages; glioblastoma; tumor microenvironment; prognostic factor; synergistic system; microglia

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Montemurro, N.; Pahwa, B.; Tayal, A.; Shukla, A.; De Jesus Encarnacion, M.; Ramirez, I.; Nurmukhametov, R.; Chavda, V.; De Carlo, A. Macrophages in Recurrent Glioblastoma as a Prognostic Factor in the Synergistic System of the Tumor Microenvironment. Neurol. Int. 2023, 15, 595-608. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15020037

AMA Style

Montemurro N, Pahwa B, Tayal A, Shukla A, De Jesus Encarnacion M, Ramirez I, Nurmukhametov R, Chavda V, De Carlo A. Macrophages in Recurrent Glioblastoma as a Prognostic Factor in the Synergistic System of the Tumor Microenvironment. Neurology International. 2023; 15(2):595-608. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15020037

Chicago/Turabian Style

Montemurro, Nicola, Bhavya Pahwa, Anish Tayal, Anushruti Shukla, Manuel De Jesus Encarnacion, Issael Ramirez, Renat Nurmukhametov, Vishal Chavda, and Antonella De Carlo. 2023. "Macrophages in Recurrent Glioblastoma as a Prognostic Factor in the Synergistic System of the Tumor Microenvironment" Neurology International 15, no. 2: 595-608. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15020037

APA Style

Montemurro, N., Pahwa, B., Tayal, A., Shukla, A., De Jesus Encarnacion, M., Ramirez, I., Nurmukhametov, R., Chavda, V., & De Carlo, A. (2023). Macrophages in Recurrent Glioblastoma as a Prognostic Factor in the Synergistic System of the Tumor Microenvironment. Neurology International, 15(2), 595-608. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15020037

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop