Under the Volcano: Responses of a Community-Based Tourism Village to the 2010 Eruption of Mount Merapi, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Community-Based Tourism and Natural Disasters
2.1. The Characteristic of Community-Based Tourism Management
2.2. Recovery, Resilience, and Transformation Post-Disaster in CBT
- (1)
- Governmental and institutional responses to disaster and tourism in the case study area. This concept is analysed in the context of whether the policy and governmental response have met the need for disaster management in community-based tourism.
- (2)
- CBT organization responses to the Merapi eruption. These responses are discussed in a separate section because the actors and the nature of management are different.
- (3)
- The post-disaster rural tourism destination transformation. This transformation is examined to find the relationship between the speeds of recovery, how it leads to community resilience, and the factors that influence the community resilience in CBT.
3. Methodology
4. Context: Pentingsari and the Merapi Eruption
5. Finding and Analysis
5.1. Government Responses to the Eruption
5.2. Community Organization’s Response during the Emergency
5.3. Recovery and Transformation Post-Disaster
5.3.1. Human and Community Transformation
5.3.2. Organizational Transformation
In the beginning, we never thought that the problem from the volcano would happen. We had no confidence in promoting our village because all the trees had collapsed, the surrounding areas were no longer beautiful and the road to our village was broken.(Tour guide; interview, 2015)
Maintaining contact with people who have visited us is important. Our strategy is to inform them that we are safe and the village is safe. They helped us a lot in recovering from the disaster. Many of them come to our village on purpose: they act like tourists, but actually, they want to help us.(Tour guide; interview, 2015)
5.3.3. Destination Transformation
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Berke, P.; Beatley, T. After the Hurricane: Linking Recovery to Sustainable Development in the Caribbean; Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Faulkner, B.; Vikulov, S. Katherine, washed out one day, back on track the next: A post-mortem of a tourism disaster. Tour. Manag. 2001, 22, 331–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hystad, P.W.; Keller, P.C. Towards a destination tourism disaster management framework: Long-term lessons from a forest fire disaster. Tour. Manag. 2008, 29, 151–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ritchie, B.W. Crisis and Disaster Management for Tourism; Channel View Publications: Bristol, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Goodwin, H.; Santilli, R. Community-based tourism: A success. ICRT Occas. Pap. 2009, 11, 37. [Google Scholar]
- Calgaro, E.; Pongponrat, K.; Naruchaikusol, S. Destination vulnerability assessment for Khao Lak, Thailand. In Sustainable Recovery and Resilience Building in the Tsunami Affected Region–SEI Project Report; Stockholm Environment Institute: Stockholm, Sweden, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Rahman, M.B.; Nurhasanah, I.S.; Nugroho, S.P. Community resilience: Learning from Mt Merapi eruption 2010. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 2016, 227, 387–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tosun, C. Expected nature of community participation in tourism development. Tour. Manag. 2006, 27, 493–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richards, G.; Hall, D. The community: A sustainable concept in tourism development. Tour. Sustain. Commun. Dev. 2000, 7, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
- Russell, P. Community-based tourism. Travel Tour. Anal. 2000, 5, 89–116. [Google Scholar]
- Blackstock, K. A critical look at community based tourism. Commun. Dev. J. 2005, 40, 39–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cawley, M.; Gillmor, D.A. Integrated rural tourism: Concepts and practice. Ann. Tour. Res. 2008, 35, 316–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stone, L.S.; Stone, T.M. Community-based tourism enterprises: Challenges and prospects for community participation; Khama rhino sanctuary trust, Botswana. J. Sustain. Tour. 2011, 19, 97–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Catley, A.; Leyland, T. Community participation and the delivery of veterinary services in Africa. Prev. Vet. Med. 2001, 49, 95–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gilchrist, A. Community development in the UK—Possibilities and paradoxes. Community Dev. J. 2003, 38, 16–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strickland-Munro, J.K.; Allison, H.E.; Moore, S.A. Using resilience concepts to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities. Ann. Tour. Res. 2010, 37, 499–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kunjuraman, V.; Hussin, R.; Yasir, S. Challenges of seaweed community-based homestay programme in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. In Proceedings of the Hospitality and Tourism Conference (HTC) 2015, Malacca, Malaysia, 2–3 November 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Birkland, T.A.; Herabat, P.; Little, R.G.; Wallace, W.A. The impact of the December 2004 Indian ocean tsunami on tourism in Thailand. Earthq. Spectra 2006, 22, 889–900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rittichainuwat, B. Ghosts: A travel barrier to tourism recovery. Ann. Tour. Res. 2011, 38, 437–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaw, R. Community Practices for Disaster Risk Reduction in Japan; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, A.; Fellowes, M.; Mabanta, M. Special Edition of the Katrina Index: A One-Year Review of Key Indicators of Recovery in Post-Storm New Orleans; Brookings Institution: Washington, DC, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Aldrich, D.P. Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post-Disaster Recovery; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Henstra, D.; Kovacs, P.; McBean, G.; Sweeting, R. Background Paper on Disaster Resilient Cities; Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. 2009. Available online: https://www.unisdr.org/files/7817_UNISDRTerminologyEnglish.pdf (accessed on 5 April 2018).
- Luthe, T.; Wyss, R. Assessing and planning resilience in tourism. Tour. Manag. 2014, 44, 161–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruiz-Ballesteros, E. Social-ecological resilience and community-based tourism: An approach from Agua blanca, Ecuador. Tour. Manag. 2011, 32, 655–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holling, C.S. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems 2001, 4, 390–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Folke, C.; Carpenter, S.; Elmqvist, T.; Gunderson, L.; Holling, C.S.; Walker, B. Resilience and sustainable development: Building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations. AMBIO J. Hum. Environ. 2002, 31, 437–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smit, B.; Wandel, J. Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2006, 16, 282–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Norris, F.H.; Stevens, S.P.; Pfefferbaum, B.; Wyche, K.F.; Pfefferbaum, R.L. Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 2008, 41, 127–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olshansky, R.B. Toward a theory of community recovery from disaster: A review of existing literature. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of Urban Disaster Reduction, Kobe, Japan, 3 March 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Keck, M.; Sakdapolrak, P. What is social resilience? Lessons learned and ways forward. Erdkunde 2013, 67, 5–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faulkner, B. Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tour. Manag. 2001, 22, 135–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voight, B.; Young, K.; Hidayat, D.; Purbawinata, M.; Ratdomopurbo, A.; Sayudi, D.; Dejean, M. Deformation and seismic precursors to dome-collapse and fountain-collapse nuées ardentes at Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia, 1994–1998. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2000, 100, 261–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jousset, P.; Pallister, J.; Boichu, M.; Buongiorno, M.F.; Budisantoso, A.; Costa, F.; Clarisse, L. The 2010 explosive eruption of Java’s Merapi volcano—A ‘100-year’ event. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2012, 241, 121–135. [Google Scholar]
- Kurniawati, A.I.; Zulkaidi, D. Dampak Perubahan Guna Lahan Akibat Pembangunan Kampus Di Wilayah Pinggiran Kota (Studi Kasus: Kampus Terpadu Universitas Islam Indonesia Di Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta); Universitas Gadjah Mada: Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Mei, E.T.W.; Lavigne, F.; Picquout, A.; de Bélizal, E.; Brunstein, D.; Grancher, D.; Vidal, C. Lessons learned from the 2010 evacuations at Merapi volcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2013, 261, 348–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Statistic Indonesia. Sleman Dalam Angka 2009–2016; 2009-16; Badan Pusat Statistic: Central Jakarta, Indonesia.
- Kompas. Perekonomian Lumpuh. 15 November 2010. Available online: https://internasional.kompas.com/read/2010/11/15/03361989/Perekonomian.Lumpuh (accessed on 30 April 2018).
- Maharjan, K.L. Communities and Livelihood Strategies in Developing Countries; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Mei, E.T.W.; Lavigne, F. Influence of the institutional and socio-economic context for responding to disasters: Case study of the 1994 and 2006 eruptions of the Merapi volcano, Indonesia. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 2012, 361, 171–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mezirow, J. Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning; ERIC: San Francisco, CA, USA, 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Wade, G.H. A concept analysis of personal transformation. J. Adv. Nurs. 1998, 28, 713–719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nakagawa, Y.; Shaw, R. Social capital: A missing link to disaster recovery. Int. J. Mass Emerg. Disasters 2004, 22, 5–34. [Google Scholar]
- Scott, N.; Cooper, C. Network Analysis as a Research Tool for Understanding Tourism Destinations; Elsevier: Oxford, UK, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Mezirow, J. Learning to Think Like an Adult: Core Concepts of Transformation Theory. Learning as Transformation: Critical Perspectives on a Theory in Progress; Jossey-Bass Publisher: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Mezirow, J. Transformation theory out of context. Adult Educ. Q. 1997, 48, 60–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Sausmarez, N. Crisis management, tourism and sustainability: The role of indicators. J. Sustain. Tour. 2007, 15, 700–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuo, H.; Chen, C.; Tseng, W.; Ju, L.; Huang, B. Assessing impacts of SARS and avian flu on international tourism demand to Asia. Tour. Manag. 2008, 29, 917–928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryan, A.M.; West, B.J.; Carr, J.Z. Effects of the terrorist attacks of 9/11/01 on employee attitudes. J. Appl. Psychol. 2003, 88, 647–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hystad, P.; Keller, P. Disaster management: Kelowna tourism industry’s preparedness, impact and response to a 2003 major forest fire. J. Hosp. Tour. Manag. 2006, 13, 44–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kontan. Desa Pentingsari Percontohan Wisata Berkelanjutan. 2017. Available online: https://lifestyle.kontan.co.id/news/desa-pentingsari-percontohan-wisata-berkelanjutan (accessed on 5 April 2018).
- Hills, A. Seduced by recovery: The consequences of misunderstanding disaster. J. Conting. Crisis Manag. 1998, 6, 162–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marschke, M.J.; Berkes, F. Exploring strategies that build livelihood resilience: A case from Cambodia. Ecol. Soc. 2006, 11. Available online: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art42/ (accessed on 30 April 2018). [CrossRef]
- Robinson, L.W.; Berkes, F. Multi-level participation for building adaptive capacity: Formal agency-community interactions in northern Kenya. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2011, 21, 1185–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Key Areas of Enquiry | Research Themes | Conceptual Framework |
---|---|---|
Government and community organization responses to the natural disaster | Theme 1: Government responses to the Merapi volcano eruption Theme 2: CBT organization responses to the Merapi volcano eruption | Disaster management lifecycle → emergency, recovery, prevention (Faulkner, 2001) [33] |
Transformation in CBT post-disaster | Theme 3: The post-disaster rural tourism destination | Tourism transformation (Ritchie, 2009) [4] |
Type of Stakeholder | Number of Interviews | Dimension of Questions |
---|---|---|
Government official: Sleman Tourism Board | 2 | Support and programme conducted for villages on the slopes of Merapi post-eruption 2010 |
Government official: Disaster Management Organization (BPBD) of Sleman Regency | 2 | Support and programme conducted for villages on the slopes of Merapi post-eruption 2010 |
Government official: Disaster Management Organization (BPBD) Province of Yogyakarta | 2 | Support and programme conducted for villages on the slopes of Merapi post-eruption 2010 |
Government official: Tourism Board of Yogyakarta Province | 2 | Support and programme conducted for villages on the slopes of Merapi post-eruption 2010 |
Government official: Agriculture Fishery and Forestry Board | 1 | Support and programme conducted for villages on the slopes of Merapi post-eruption 2010 |
Community Leader (Chief) | 1 | Disaster management strategy includes: preparation for disaster, situation in emergency, strategy for recovery post the eruption 2010 |
Tour guides | 2 | Strategy to get tourists to return to the village |
Tourism organization leader (Pokdarwis) | 1 | Strategy to get tourists to return to the village includes product, market and institutions |
Residents of tourism village | 20 | Their individual recovery strategy post-eruption in terms of livelihood diversification using tourism |
Number of respondents | 33 |
© 2018 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rindrasih, E. Under the Volcano: Responses of a Community-Based Tourism Village to the 2010 Eruption of Mount Merapi, Indonesia. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051620
Rindrasih E. Under the Volcano: Responses of a Community-Based Tourism Village to the 2010 Eruption of Mount Merapi, Indonesia. Sustainability. 2018; 10(5):1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051620
Chicago/Turabian StyleRindrasih, Erda. 2018. "Under the Volcano: Responses of a Community-Based Tourism Village to the 2010 Eruption of Mount Merapi, Indonesia" Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051620
APA StyleRindrasih, E. (2018). Under the Volcano: Responses of a Community-Based Tourism Village to the 2010 Eruption of Mount Merapi, Indonesia. Sustainability, 10(5), 1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051620