Application of Wall and Insulation Materials on Green Building: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Development of Green Building and Origin of Green Construction Materials
3. An Overview of Wall and Insulation Materials on Green Building
3.1. Wall Materials
3.1.1. Natural Fibers for Concrete Reinforcement
3.1.2. Recycled Waste Construction Materials
- Wood-based panel processing. The artificial wood board made from building waste wood can have good economic benefits. The processing of 1 m3 man-made boards requires roughly 4 m3 of waste wood and 1.8 m3 of logs. Therefore, the processing of plywood, particleboard, MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard), and other wood-based panels can save a lot of timber supply.
- Carpenter board manufacturing. Carpenter boards, such as big core boards, can be used as building decoration materials and can be manufactured by using waste wood in simpler procedures. In the United States, the research in this area is very thorough, and they can maintain the edge angle of the fine wood by using waste wood in the condition of the strength of the original wood. The obtained wood edge has high compressive strength, is not easy to crack, and has a low manufacturing cost.
- Composite material processing. The wood glue composite material can be produced by the combination of building waste wood and rubber. The wood glue composite material is high in strength and good in economic benefit. It can replace traditional packing and paving material to a certain extent. It is widely used in door and window frames, floors, auto parts, and traffic guardrails.
- Transformation of combustible materials. The waste wood is transformed into a combustible material (Wood charcoal, wood vinegar, and wood gas) through heat equipment (Earth kiln, mechanical furnace, and continuous retort). Charcoal, wood vinegar, and wood gas can be obtained from waste wood. At present, technology to turn waste wood into ethanol has been applied in Japan.
3.2. Thermal Insulation Materials
3.2.1. Natural Insulation Materials
3.2.2. Electrochromic and Thermochromic Glass
4. Perspectives and Prospects
4.1. To overcome the Challenges and Barriers
4.2. Establishment of Green Construction Materials Life-Cycle Framework
5. Conclusions
- Green materials for cement reinforcement and recycled waste construction materials are two promising green construction materials for their saving amounts of energy and natural resources. As the basic structure of a building, wall materials could create huge perspectives in a greenway.
- Natural insulation materials have been widely used in some areas on the earth, which decrease the cost of wall construction through saving wall structure materials. The electrochromic and thermochromic glass is an innovative technology, which faces technology and cost barriers before wide application.
- Compile the international promotion of innovative technology of green building common obstacles and challenges, including the lack of public awareness and acceptance, the designer of green building is also a lack of full understanding, leading investors for green building technology related industries with investment risk and uncertain factor, because the innovative technology of green building will generate high technology costs and benefits the uncertainty.
- Green building development strategy of countries have been organized as four directions, including perfecting the policy system, the implementation of basic education, strengthen the partnership as well as the development of economic incentives to promote the objectives and implementation strategy.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NO. | Source Publication | Records | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Advanced Materials Research | 141 | 3.966 |
2 | Applied Mechanics and Materials | 114 | 3.207 |
3 | Construction and Building Materials | 104 | 2.925 |
4 | Journal of Cleaner Production | 80 | 2.25 |
5 | Energy and Buildings | 62 | 1.744 |
6 | Procedia Engineering | 52 | 1.463 |
7 | Journal of Green Building | 32 | 0.9 |
8 | Matec Web of Conferences | 31 | 0.872 |
9 | Energy Procedia | 30 | 0.844 |
10 | Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering | 29 | 0.816 |
11 | IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering | 26 | 0.731 |
12 | Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research | 25 | 0.703 |
13 | Key Engineering Materials | 24 | 0.675 |
14 | Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews | 24 | 0.675 |
15 | International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference SGEM | 22 | 0.619 |
16 | Sustainability | 19 | 0.534 |
17 | AIP Conference Proceedings | 18 | 0.506 |
18 | Building and Environment | 18 | 0.506 |
19 | Frontiers of Green Building Materials and Civil Engineering pts 1 8 | 18 | 0.506 |
20 | Environmental Science Technology | 17 | 0.478 |
Country | Label | FU | CA | CO | AD | FL | FM | SM | WM | EQ | TE | HP | DW | IM | SA | CE | CA | CC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Germany | Der Blaue Ebgel | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
GUT | √ | |||||||||||||||||
Gev-Emicode Plus | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||
Finland | M1 Finish Label | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
France | Émissions Dans l’Air Intérieur | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Danemark | The Indoor Climate Label | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
EU | EU-Flower | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
America | Green Seal | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Green Guard | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Floor Score | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||
Canada | EcoLogo | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||
Japan | Eco-Mark | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||
South Korea | Korea Eco-Label | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Healthy Building Material | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
China | China Environmental Labelling | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Singapore | Green Label | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Singapore Green Building Product | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||
Thailand | Green Label | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Density (g/cm3) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Pectin (wt.%) | Moisture Content (wt.%) | Waxes (%) | Micro-Fibrillar Angle (°) | Lignin (w %) | Hemi Cellulose (%) | Cellulose (%) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kenaf | 1.4 | 1019 ± 188 | 30.8 ± 5.13 | 3~5 | NA | NA | NA | 8~13 | 21.5 | 45~57 | [46,72,73] |
Curauá | 1.42 ± 0.047 | 620 ± 132 | 41.7 ± 9.9 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 13.0 ± 0.18 | 10.0 ± 0.12 | 69.0 ± 0.39 | [71] |
Piassava | 1.57 ± 0.05 | 61 ± 18 | 1.82 ± 0.46 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 50.05 ± 0.51 | 8.34 ± 0.27 | 43.23 ± 0.18 | [71] |
Coir | 1.15 | 83 ± 22 | 3.5 ± 1.5 | 3~4 | 8 | NA | 30~49 | 35.36~45.00 | 0.15~12.99 | 32.00~45.46 | [46,71] |
Sisal | 1.42 ± 0.001 | 344 ± 94 | 7.9 ± 2.8 | 10 | 10~22 | 2 | 10~22 | 10~14 | 10.00~20.72 | 61~78 | [71] |
Flax | 1.4~1.5 | 850~1500 | 27.6 | 2.3 | 8~12 | 1.7 | 5~10 | 2.2 | 18.6~20.6 | 71 | [46,74] |
Hemp | 1.48 | 52 | 70 | 0.9 | 6.2~12 | 0.8 | 2~6.2 | 3.7~5.7 | 17.9~22.4 | 70~74 | [46,75,76,77,78] |
Jute | 1.3~1.45 | 51 | 13~26.5 | 0.2 | 12.5~13.7 | 0.5 | 8 | 12~13 | 13.6~20.4 | 61~71.5 | [46,79,80] |
Ramie | 1.50 | 400~938 | 61.4~128 | 1.9 | 7.5~17 | 0.3 | 7.5 | 0.6~0.7 | 13.1~16.7 | 68.6~76.2 | [46] |
Nettle | NA | NA | 38 | NA | 11~17 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 86 | [46] |
Henequen | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 13.1 | 4~8 | 77.6 | [46] |
PALF | NA | 413~1627 | 34.5~82.5 | NA | 11.8 | NA | 14 | 5~12.7 | NA | 70~82 | [46] |
Abaca | NA | 430~760 | NA | 1 | 5~10 | NA | NA | 12~131 | NA | 56~63 | [46] |
Oil palm EFB | NA | 248 | 3.2 | NA | NA | NA | 42 | 19 | NA | 65 | [46] |
Oil palm mesocarp | NA | NA | 0.5 | NA | NA | NA | 46 | 11 | NA | 60 | [46] |
Cotton | 1.5~1.6 | NA | 5.5~12.6 | 0~1 | 7.85~8.5 | 0.6 | NA | NA | 5.7 | 85~90 | [46] |
Green Construction Materials | Recycled Material Available | Utilization Ratio of Recycled Materials | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Particle boards | Waste wood or wood waste from wood plant waste | More than 90% | [81] |
Medium density fiber (MDF) board | Waste wood or wood waste from wood plant waste | More than 90% | [61] |
Wooden furniture | Recycled particle boards, recycled MDF, or recycled materials from waste furniture, desks and chairs | More than 90% of the wooden parts | [82] |
Concrete aggregates | (Material A) | More than 80% of fine aggregates More than 50% of the coarse aggregates | [55,83] |
Ceramic tile | (Material A) | 15~25% | [84] |
Gypsum board | Gypsum recovered after use, harmless gypsum in plant process | More than 50% | [85] |
Common bricks | (Material A) | More than 40% | [54,86] |
Hollow concrete blocks | (Material A) | 20~50% (except for cement) | [55,87] |
Compressed concrete paving units | (Material A) | 20~50% (except for cement) | [52,55] |
Regenerated fiber cement boards | Waste concrete materials, harmless inorganic waste, waste ceramics, glass and stone | 50% (except for cement) | [88] |
Lightweight concrete panels | (Material A) | More than 50% | [82] |
Blended hydraulic cement | Waste blast furnace slag, blast furnace dust, fly ash | More than 40% | [52] |
Granulated aggregate for decoration | Recycled glass, ceramic pellets | More than 70% | [89] |
Permeable concrete paving blocks | (Material A) | More than 50% | [8] |
Rubber paving block | Reclaim rubber and all kinds of macromolecule material | More than 80% | [90] |
Synthetic stone | (Material A) | More than 60% | [8] |
Concrete tile | Coal ash, furnace dust, recycled aggregate and so on | More than 25% | [55,91] |
Green concrete | (Material A) | 20~50% | [92] |
Autoclaved lightweight aerated concrete blocks | (Material A) | More than 60% | [93] |
Terrazzo blocks and terrazzo tiles | (Material A) | More than 50% | [91] |
Wood-plastic recycled composite | Recycled plastic and wood materials | More than 50% | [82,94,95] |
Plastic floor | Recycled plastic materials | More than 30% | [82] |
Classification | Materials | Function Chemicals | Effect of Light Adjustment | Advantages | Limitations | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inorganic materials based window | Metallic based reflective layers | Randomly dispersed silver nanodisks | 20~80% (thickness: 2.5~20%) of NIR Reflectance | Ultra-thin and flexible | Low visible light scattering | [123] |
Photocatalytic material | F-TiO2-KxWO3 nanocomposites coatings | 20~50% of NIR reflectance | Low-cost and eco-friendly; Property of outstanding NIR, UV light shielding performance; Degradation of harmful organic pollutants Excellent hydrophilic capacity; Excellent stability; | [124] | ||
Electrochromic | A porous tungsten oxide (WO3) | 19~21% of NIR reflectance |
|
| [125] | |
Thermochromic | Vanadium dioxide (VO2) | Total energy needs decrease by 25% in hot climates. | In cold climates, the savings are below 10% | [126] | ||
Plasmonic nanoparticles | Mg4Ni alloy and Pd thin films | It reduces the required cooling power by more than 30%. | The cost to implement this technology has been prohibitive | [127] | ||
Aerogels glazing | Monolithic silica aerogel | 20~24% (solar energy and daylight); The thermal conductivity of 0.010~0.017 W/(m K); | High solar energy transmittance and good optical quality. | [128] | ||
Trapped gas in fluid membranes | Glycerin, colored water and metallic dye | A reduction in total annual energy consumption of approximately 140 kW h/m2 per year in comparisonwith the single and double glazing windows |
| The opacity level and the color of the liquid cannot be manually controlled. | [129] | |
Organic materials based window | Transparent luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) | NIR fluorescent dyes (especially phthalocyanines, cyanines, and squaraine dyes) | Transparent power conversion efficiencies >0.4%. | Theoretically, about 75~80% of the luminescence could be trapped. | [130] | |
Cholesteric liquid crystalline (Ch-LC) material | Nematic liquid crystals; chiral molecules | Rejection of 8 to 45% of the total incident infrared energy | More than 12% of the total energy saved compared to a standard double glazing window | Inherent narrowband nature and limited impact on indoor temperature | [130] |
Items | Challenges and Barriers |
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Business-related barriers |
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Technology related barriers |
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Legal policy-related barriers |
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Share and Cite
Wang, H.; Chiang, P.-C.; Cai, Y.; Li, C.; Wang, X.; Chen, T.-L.; Wei, S.; Huang, Q. Application of Wall and Insulation Materials on Green Building: A Review. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3331. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093331
Wang H, Chiang P-C, Cai Y, Li C, Wang X, Chen T-L, Wei S, Huang Q. Application of Wall and Insulation Materials on Green Building: A Review. Sustainability. 2018; 10(9):3331. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093331
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Hao, Pen-Chi Chiang, Yanpeng Cai, Chunhui Li, Xuan Wang, Tse-Lun Chen, Shiming Wei, and Qian Huang. 2018. "Application of Wall and Insulation Materials on Green Building: A Review" Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3331. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093331