Is Super-Intensification the Solution to Shrimp Production and Export Sustainability?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Meeting International Standards
3. Cooperatives as an Enabling Mechanism for Meeting Standards
4. Current Farming Practices
5. Super-Intensification of Shrimp Production
6. Strategies for a Sustainable System
6.1. Institutional Framework
6.2. Horizontal Integration
6.3. Vertical Integration
6.4. Super-Intensification and Land Use
6.4.1. Land and Water Use
6.4.2. Disease Control under Super-Intensive Methods
6.4.3. Climatic Adaptation
6.4.4. Capital Requirement
6.4.5. Economic Sustainability
7. Conclusions
8. Recommendations
- Encourage small-scale farms to integrate horizontally into cooperatives that will afford them social sustainability as they remain as individual owners and managers of their enterprises while complying with VietGAP regulations.
- Encourage VIET-UC and similar large companies to integrate vertically with small-scale farmers to help them increase production through the adoption of super-intensive production system and enhance the industry’s environmental sustainability through the reduction of land and water use in its production system.
- Encourage the participation of the private sector and banks to support and provide loans to the small-scale farmers based on the use of more relevant credit worthiness indicators so that they can engage in super-intensification of production and increase their net revenues in order to become more economically sustainable.
- Also, encourage universities and the extension service to increase their participation and engagement in research and information diffusion that benefit small-scale farmers.
- Review planning, improving irrigation infrastructure, electrical grids, and transport systems to facilitate the participation of all farm types.
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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General Types of Certification | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specific Targets | General Product Certification | Standards | Production System Certification | Processing Certification | Product Certification |
Farming practices | ASC, GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP | GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP | GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP | GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP | HACCP, GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP |
Chemicals | ASC, GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP | BAP, GLOBAL GAP, VietGAP, | GLOBALGAP, BAP, VietGAP | GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP | HACCP, GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP |
Environment | ASC, GLOBAL GAP, VietGAP, BAP ASC | BAP, GLOBAL GAP, VietGAP | GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP | GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP | HACCP, GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP |
Social | ASC, GLOBAL GAP, BAP | BAP, GLOBAL GAP, Viet GAP | GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP | GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP | HACCP, GLOBAL GAP, BAP, VietGAP |
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Nguyen, T.A.T.; Nguyen, K.A.T.; Jolly, C. Is Super-Intensification the Solution to Shrimp Production and Export Sustainability? Sustainability 2019, 11, 5277. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195277
Nguyen TAT, Nguyen KAT, Jolly C. Is Super-Intensification the Solution to Shrimp Production and Export Sustainability? Sustainability. 2019; 11(19):5277. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195277
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Tram Anh Thi, Kim Anh Thi Nguyen, and Curtis Jolly. 2019. "Is Super-Intensification the Solution to Shrimp Production and Export Sustainability?" Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5277. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195277