Exploring the Drivers of Irrigator Mental Health in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Overall Influences on Farmer Mental Health
2.2. Potential Influence of Organic Farming on Mental Health
3. Methods
3.1. Location
3.2. Data
3.3. Regression Methodology
3.3.1. Dependent Variable—Mental Health
3.3.2. Independent Variables
4. Results
4.1. Natural Capital
4.2. Financial Capital
4.3. Other Socio-Demographic Influences
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Ordered Probit Marginal Effects Results
All Irrigators (dy/dx) | Horticultural (dy/dx) | Broadacre (dy/dx) | Dairy/Livestock (dy/dx) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 0.10 ** | 0.24 *** | 0.01 | 0.07 |
Age | 0.004 *** | 0.001 | 0.007 ** | 0.004 ** |
Education < Year 10 | −0.05 | −0.12 | −0.03 | −0.03 |
Marital status | 0.03 | −0.06 | 0.16 | 0.06 |
Number of children | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.02 |
Succession | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.08 | 0.05 |
Social group | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.09 | 0.03 |
Farm generations | 0.002 | −0.01 | −0.002 | 0.02 |
Irrigated area | 0.00007 | 0.00003 | 0.0001 | −0.00006 |
Certified organic | 0.12 * | 0.20 ** | 0.04 | −0.03 |
Productivity change | 0.05 *** | 0.03 | 0.07 *** | 0.06 *** |
Off-farm income (%) | 0.0009 * | 0.0007 | −0.0004 | 0.002 *** |
Net farm income | 0.0005 ** | 0.0005 | 0.0004 | 0.0003 |
Farm debt | −0.0001 *** | −0.0001 | 0.00001 | −0.0002 *** |
Farmland value | 0.00006 *** | 0.00004 | 0.00003 | 0.00009 *** |
Drought | −0.003 | 0.20 * | −0.06 | −0.02 |
Mean annual temperature | −0.01 | 0.003 | −0.06 | −0.04 |
Net annual evaporation | −0.00002 | −0.00003 | 0.0001 | −0.00009 |
Average allocation | 0.03 | 0.07 | −0.10 | 0.04 |
LTAAY of all entitlements | −0.00002 | 0.00005 | −0.0003 *** | 0.00007 |
Horticultural | −0.008 | |||
Broadcare | −0.03 | |||
Observations | 910 | 281 | 253 | 376 |
All Irrigators (dy/dx) | Horticultural (dy/dx) | Broadacre (dy/dx) | Dairy/Livestock (dy/dx) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | −0.03 * | −0.04 *** | −0.005 | −0.03 |
Age | −0.001 *** | −0.0005 | −0.002 ** | −0.002 * |
Education < Year 10 | 0.01 | 0.02 * | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Marital status | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.04 ** | −0.03 |
Number of children | 0.004 | −0.004 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Succession | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.02 |
Social group | −0.009 | 0.006 | −0.03 | −0.01 |
Farm generations | −0.001 | 0.005 | 0.0007 | −0.01 |
Irrigated area | −0.00002 | −0.00001 | −0.00003 | 0.00003 |
Certified organic | −0.05 | −0.07 * | −0.01 | 0.01 |
Productivity change | −0.01 *** | −0.01 | −0.02 ** | −0.03 ** |
Off-farm income (%) | −0.0003 * | −0.0002 | 0.0001 | −0.001 *** |
Net farm income | −0.0001 ** | −0.0001 | −0.0001 | −0.0001 |
Farm debt | 0.00005 *** | 0.00004 | −0.00005 | 0.0001 *** |
Farmland value | −0.00002 *** | −0.00001 | −0.00001 | −0.00005 *** |
Drought | 0.001 | −0.07 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Mean annual temperature | 0.003 | −0.0009 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Net annual evaporation | 0.000006 | 0.00001 | −0.00004 | 0.00004 |
Average allocation | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.02 |
LTAAY of all entitlements | 0.00001 | −0.00002 | 0.00001 ** | −0.00004 |
Horticultural | 0.003 | |||
Broadcare | 0.01 | |||
Observations | 910 | 281 | 253 | 376 |
All Irrigators (dy/dx) | Horticultural (dy/dx) | Broadacre (dy/dx) | Dairy/Livestock (dy/dx) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | −0.03 ** | −0.08 *** | −0.007 | −0.02 |
Age | −0.001 *** | −0.0007 | −0.003 ** | −0.001 * |
Education < Year 10 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Marital status | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.07 | −0.02 |
Number of children | 0.004 | −0.005 | 0.01 | 0.008 |
Succession | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.01 |
Social group | −0.01 | 0.007 | −0.04 | −0.01 |
Farm generations | −0.001 | 0.006 | 0.0009 | −0.009 |
Irrigated area | −0.00002 | −0.00001 | −0.00004 | 0.00002 |
Certified organic | −0.04 * | −0.07 ** | −0.01 | 0.01 |
Productivity change | −0.01 *** | −0.01 | −0.03 *** | −0.02 *** |
Off-farm income (%) | −0.0003 * | −0.0002 | 0.0001 | −0.0008 *** |
Net farm income | −0.0002 ** | −0.0002 | −0.0002 | −0.0001 |
Farm debt | 0.00005 *** | 0.00005 | −0.00007 | 0.0001 *** |
Farmland value | −0.00002 *** | −0.00001 | −0.00001 | −0.00003 ** |
Drought | 0.001 | −0.07 | 0.02 | 0.008 |
Mean temperature | 0.003 | −0.001 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Net evaporation | 0.000017 | 0.00001 | −0.00006 | 0.00003 |
Average allocation | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.05 | −0.01 |
LTAAY of all entitlements | 0.00001 | −0.00002 | 0.00002 *** | −0.00003 |
Horticultural | 0.003 | |||
Broadacre | 0.01 | |||
Observations | 910 | 281 | 253 | 376 |
All Irrigators (dy/dx) | Horticultural (dy/dx) | Broadacre (dy/dx) | Dairy/Livestock (dy/dx) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | −0.02 * | −0.12 * | −0.002 | −0.01 |
Age | −0.001 *** | −0.0006 | −0.001 ** | −0.0007 * |
Education < Year 10 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.005 | 0.006 |
Marital status | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.01 |
Number of children | 0.002 | −0.005 | 0.005 | 0.004 |
Succession | −0.008 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.007 |
Social group | −0.006 | 0.007 | −0.01 | −0.004 |
Farm generations | −0.0007 | 0.006 | 0.0003 | −0.004 |
Irrigated area | −0.00002. | −0.00001 | −0.00002 | 0.00001 |
Certified organic | −0.02 ** | −0.05 *** | −0.006 | 0.005 |
Productivity change | −0.01 *** | −0.01 | −0.01 ** | −0.01 ** |
Off-farm income (%) | −0.0002 * | −0.0002 | 6.92 × 10−5 | −0.0003 ** |
Net farm income | −0.0001 ** | −0.0001 | −8.18 × 10−5 | −5.20 × 10−5 |
Farm debt | 0.00003 *** | 0.00005 | −0.00002 | 0.00004 *** |
Farmland value | −0.00001 *** | −0.00001 | −0.00005 | −0.00001 ** |
Drought | 0.0007 | −0.05 ** | 0.01 | 0.003 |
Mean temperature | 0.002 | −0.001 | 0.01 | 0.006 |
Net evaporation | 0.00001 | 0.00001 | −0.00002 | 0.00001 |
Average allocation | −0.007 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.007 |
LTAAY of all entitlements | 0.00001 | −0.00002 | 0.00001 ** | −0.00001 |
Horticultural | 0.002 | |||
Broadacre | 0.009 | |||
Observations | 910 | 281 | 253 | 376 |
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Dependent Variable | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
K10 (psychological distress: 1 = low, 2 = moderate, 3 = high, 4 = very high) | 1.64 | 0.88 | 1 | 4 |
Independent Variables | ||||
Male (1 = male; 0 = otherwise) | 0.86 | 0.34 | 0 | 1 |
Age (years) | 58.66 | 11.41 | 24 | 90 |
Low education (1 = higher education level is year 10 or below; 0 = otherwise) | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0 | 1 |
Marital status (1 = married; 0 = otherwise) | 0.87 | 0.33 | 0 | 1 |
Children (number) | 2.78 | 1.38 | 0 | 10 |
Succession (1 = family member successor in place; 0 = otherwise) | 0.39 | 0.48 | 0 | 1 |
Social group (1 = member of a social group; 0 = otherwise) | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 |
Farm generations (number of generations of farming) | 3.10 | 1.42 | 1 | 14 |
Irrigated area 2014/2015 (hectares) | 242.95 | 523.09 | 0 | 8000 |
Certified organic (1 = certified organic grower; 0 = otherwise) | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0 | 1 |
Productivity change (Likert scale of farm productivity change in last 5 years: 1 = strongly decreasing; 5 = strongly increasing) | 3.22 | 1.21 | 1 | 5 |
Off-farm income (% of annual household income from off-farm work) | 24.79 | 31.11 | 0 | 100 |
Net farm income 2014/2015 (AUD $1000 annual net income (gross revenue take gross costs)) b | 85.36 | 84.53 | 0 | 250 |
Farm debt 2014/2015 (AUD $1000) b | 419.07 | 482.35 | 0 | 1250 |
Farmland value 2014/2015 (AUD $1000) b | 1385.16 | 1010.10 | 125 | 3000 |
Drought a (1 = drought; 0 = otherwise) | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0 | 1 |
Mean annual historical maximum temperature (C°) c | 23.33 | 0.92 | 20.07 | 25.24 |
Net annual evaporation b (evaporation minus rainfall) | 1581.55 | 296.17 | 812.81 | 2438 |
Average final water allocation percentage d | 0.77 | 0.32 | 0 | 1 |
LTAAY of all surface-water entitlements (GL) | 634.47 | 1405.94 | 0 | 30995 |
All Irrigators | Horticultural | Broadacre | Dairy/Livestock | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | −0.25 ** | −0.63 ** | −0.04 | −0.19 |
(0.12) | (0.24) | (0.28) | (0.16) | |
Age | −0.01 *** | −0.005 | −0.02 ** | −0.01 ** |
(0.003) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.006) | |
Education < Year 10 | 0.13 | 0.32 | 0.07 | 0.09 |
(0.11) | (0.22) | (0.23) | (0.18) | |
Marital status | −0.10 | 0.18 | −0.40 | −0.16 |
(0.12) | (0.25) | (0.25) | (0.19) | |
Number of children | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
(0.03) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.04) | |
Succession | −0.08 | 0.13 | −0.22 | −0.12 |
(0.08) | (0.17) | (0.16) | (0.13) | |
Social group | −0.06 | 0.05 | −0.24 | −0.08 |
(0.08) | (0.15) | (0.16) | (0.12) | |
Farm generations | −0.007 | 0.05 | 0.005 | −0.07 |
(0.02) | (0.05) | (0.51) | (0.04) | |
Irrigated area | −0.000 | −0.000 | −0.000 | 0.000 |
(0.000) | (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
Certified organic | −0.34 * | −0.57 * | −0.11 | 0.09 |
(0.20) | (0.29) | (0.46) | (0.30) | |
Productivity change | −0.12 *** | −0.10 | −0.19 *** | −0.17 *** |
(0.03) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |
Off-farm income (%) | −0.003 * | −0.002 | 0.001 | −0.006 *** |
(0.001) | (0.02) | (0.003) | (0.000) | |
Net farm income | −0.001 ** | −0.001 | −0.001 | −0.001 |
(0.000) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.000) | |
Farm debt | 0.0001 *** | 0.0004 | −0.0001 | 0.001 *** |
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.00) | |
Farmland value | −0.0002 *** | −0.0001 | −0.0001 | −0.0002 *** |
(0.000) | (0.00) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
Drought condition | 0.008 | −0.58 | 0.16 | 0.06 |
(0.10) | (0.39) | (0.22) | (0.15) | |
Mean annual temperature | 0.02 | −0.009 | 0.15 | 0.11 |
(0.06) | (0.10) | (0.14) | (0.09) | |
Net annual evaporation | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | −0.0004 | 0.0002 |
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
Average allocation | −0.07 | −0.19 | 0.27 | −0.12 |
(0.14) | (0.22) | (0.28) | (0.24) | |
LTAAY of all entitlements | 0.0001 | −0.0001 | 0.0001 *** | −0.0002 |
(0.000) | (0.00) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
Horticulture | 0.02 | |||
(0.13) | ||||
Broadacre | 0.09 | |||
(0.10) | ||||
Constant cut 1 | −0.81 | −1.10 | 1.06 | 1.13 |
(1.40) | (2.61) | (3.25) | (2.27) | |
Constant cut 2 | −0.05 | −0.50 | 1.82 | 2.10 |
(1.40) | (2.61) | (3.25) | (2.27) | |
Constant cut 3 | 0.64 | 0.10 | 2.74 | 2.84 |
(1.40) | (2.61) | (3.25) | (2.27) | |
Observations | 910 | 281 | 253 | 376 |
McKelvey and Zavoina R2 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.20 |
Pseudo R2 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Cox-Snell R2 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.15 |
% correctly predicted | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.61 |
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Daghagh Yazd, S.; Wheeler, S.A.; Zuo, A. Exploring the Drivers of Irrigator Mental Health in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6097. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216097
Daghagh Yazd S, Wheeler SA, Zuo A. Exploring the Drivers of Irrigator Mental Health in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. Sustainability. 2019; 11(21):6097. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216097
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaghagh Yazd, Sahar, Sarah Ann Wheeler, and Alec Zuo. 2019. "Exploring the Drivers of Irrigator Mental Health in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia" Sustainability 11, no. 21: 6097. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216097