Pastoral Population Growth and Land Use Policy Has Significantly Impacted Livestock Structure in Inner Mongolia—A Case Study in the Xilinhot Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Methods
4. Results
4.1. Changes in Livestock Population
4.2. Changes in Large and Small Livestock as well as Species Proportion
4.3. Factors Driving Changes in Total Livestock and Species Population over the Past 40 Years
4.4. Factors Driving Changes in the Four Livestock Species Composition over the Past 40 Years
5. Discussion
5.1. Changes in Livestock Population and Composition
5.2. Factors Influencing Changes in Livestock Population and Composition During 1970–2010
5.3. Implications for Improving Animal Husbandry Sustainability in Xilinhot
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Herding Management System | Last Nomadic Period (1970–1986) | Fast Development Period (1987–2000) | Ecological Recovery Period (2001–2010) |
---|---|---|---|
Period | The people’s commune | The socialist period | The socialist period |
Economic system | Planned economy | Market economy | Market economy with rapid development of industrial economy |
Land use institution | Collective management and use of grassland | Privatization of land use rights | Privatization of land use rights |
Grazing regime | Nomadic grazing/semi-nomadic and semi-settled grazing/fixed grazing | Permanent grazing | Permanent grazing/conducting scientific grazing system in some areas |
Basic business unit | People’s communes | Family household | Individual household/ co-management by small-group households |
Grazing management | Collectively managed | Individual decision-making | Individual decision-making |
Restrained measures in management | Yes | No | Yes (administrative control measures in the ecological programs areas) |
Ecological programs | No | No | Yes (ecological recovery programs) |
Allocation mechanism | Allocated by the collectives | Self-management/ assume responsibility for profits and losses on one’s own | Self-management/ assume responsibility for profits and losses on one’s own |
Source of income of herdsmen | Single | Single | Diversified (selling livestock/ecological award/ engaging in service industry) |
Number of livestock per capita (Mean ± SE) | 116 ± 28 | 169 ± 25 | 151 ± 13 |
Driving Forces | Factor/Indicator Applied | Abbreviation | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Environmental aspect | Annual average temperature | AVTEM | °C |
Winter mean temperature | WMTEM | °C | |
Non-winter mean temperature | NWMTEM | °C | |
Extremely high temperature | EXHTEM | °C | |
Extremely cold temperature | EXCTEM | °C | |
Drought index | DRINDEX | -- | |
Winter snowfall | WSNOW | mm | |
Socioeconomic aspect | Urban population | URBPOPU | Person |
Pastoral population | PASPOPU | Person | |
Local policy aspect | Land use policy | LANDUC | -- |
1970–1986 | 1987–2000 | 2001–2010 | 1970–2010 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Response | Predictor | Partial R2 | Effect | Predictor | Partial R2 | Effect | Predictor | Partial R2 | Effect | Predictor | Partial R2 | Effect |
Total livestock | URBPOPU 2 | 0.54 *** | + | PASPOPU 2 | 0.88 *** | + | PASPOPU 2 | 0.76 *** | + | |||
DRINDEX 1 | 0.18 ** | + | AVTEM 1 | 0.05 ** | + | |||||||
Large livestock | URBPOPU 2 | 0.45 ** | + | NWMTEM 1 | 0.37 * | - | URBPOPU 2 | 0.70 ** | + | URBPOPU 2 | 0.29 *** | + |
DRINDEX 1 | 0.19 * | + | AVTEM 1 | 0.25 * | + | NWMTEM 1 | 0.19 ** | + | LANDUC 3 | 0.13 * | - | |
Small livestock | URBPOPU 2 | 0.48 ** | + | PASPOPU 2 | 0.89 *** | + | EXHTEM 2 | 0.48 * | - | PASPOPU 2 | 0.79 *** | + |
DRINDEX 1 | 0.14 * | + | AVTEM 1 | 0.05 *** | + | |||||||
Cattle | URBPOPU 2 | 0.55 *** | + | URBPOPU 2 | 0.75 ** | + | PASPOPU 2 | 0.23 ** | + | |||
WMTEM 1 | 0.15 * | - | NWMTEM 1 | 0.16 ** | + | URBPOPU 2 | 0.15 ** | + | ||||
Horse | DRINDEX 1 | 0.26 * | + | NWMTEM 1 | 0.58 ** | - | LANDUC 3 | 0.71 *** | - | |||
WMTEM 1 | 0.24 ** | + | EXCTEM 1 | 0.06 ** | + | |||||||
URBPOPU 2 | 0.03 * | + | ||||||||||
Sheep | URBPOPU 2 | 0.54 *** | + | PASPOPU 2 | 0.88 *** | + | PASPOPU 2 | 0.83 *** | + | |||
WMTEM 1 | 0.13 * | - | AVTEM 1 | 0.04 ** | + | |||||||
Goat | DRINDEX 1 | 0.55 *** | + | PASPOPU 2 | 0.90 *** | + | EXCTEM 1 | 0.66 ** | + | PASPOPU 2 | 0.57 *** | + |
WSNOW 1 | 0.16 * | - | AVTEM 1 | 0.10 ** | + | |||||||
NWMTEM 1 | 0.08 ** | - | EXHTEM 1 | 0.03 * | - | |||||||
PASPOPU 2 | 0.01 * | + | DRINDEX 1 | 0.03 * | + | |||||||
AVTEM 1 | 0.0004 * | + |
1970–1986 | 1987–2000 | 2001–2010 | 1970–2010 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Response | Predictor | Partial R2 | Effect | Predictor | Partial R2 | Effect | Predictor | Partial R2 | Effect | Predictor | Partial R2 | Effect |
Cattle | PASPOPU 2 | 0.40 ** | + | PASPOPU 2 | 0.92 *** | - | URBPOPU 2 | 0.76 *** | LANDUC 3 | 0.46 *** | - | |
WSNOW 1 | 0.02 * | - | NWMTEM 1 | 0.14 * | + | |||||||
Horse | WMTEM 1 | 0.31 * | + | PASPOPU 2 | 0.88 *** | - | EXHTEM 1 | 0.44 * | + | URBPOPU 2 | 0.87 *** | - |
WSNOW 1 | 0.15 * | + | LANDUC 3 | 0.03 ** | - | |||||||
PASPOPU 2 | 0.02 ** | - | ||||||||||
Sheep | NWMTEM 1 | 0.19 * | + | PASPOPU 2 | 0.83 *** | + | LANDUC 3 | 0.82 *** | + | |||
WMTEM 1 | 0.06 * | - | PASPOPU 2 | 0.04 ** | + | |||||||
AVTEM 1 | 0.03 * | + | ||||||||||
Goat | EXHTEM 2 | 0.43 ** | + | PASPOPU 2 | 0.93 *** | + | EXCTEM 1 | 0.66 ** | + | LANDUC 3 | 0.43 *** | + |
PASPOPU 2 | 0.19 * | - | URBPOPU 2 | 0.03 ** | + | WSNOW 1 | 0.17 * | - | EXCTEM 1 | 0.08 * | + |
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Jiang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Niu, J.; Wu, J. Pastoral Population Growth and Land Use Policy Has Significantly Impacted Livestock Structure in Inner Mongolia—A Case Study in the Xilinhot Region. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7208. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247208
Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Niu J, Wu J. Pastoral Population Growth and Land Use Policy Has Significantly Impacted Livestock Structure in Inner Mongolia—A Case Study in the Xilinhot Region. Sustainability. 2019; 11(24):7208. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247208
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Ye, Qing Zhang, Jianming Niu, and Jianguo Wu. 2019. "Pastoral Population Growth and Land Use Policy Has Significantly Impacted Livestock Structure in Inner Mongolia—A Case Study in the Xilinhot Region" Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7208. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247208
APA StyleJiang, Y., Zhang, Q., Niu, J., & Wu, J. (2019). Pastoral Population Growth and Land Use Policy Has Significantly Impacted Livestock Structure in Inner Mongolia—A Case Study in the Xilinhot Region. Sustainability, 11(24), 7208. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247208