Depression, Acculturative Stress, and Social Connectedness among International University Students in Japan: A Statistical Investigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. Measures of Depression
2.3.2. Measures of Social Connectedness
2.3.3. Measures of Acculturative Stress
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Statistical Analysis
- : the probability of being depressed
- : intercept
- : coefficient which is the logarithm of Odd Ratios
- : categorical factor of independent variables
- gender, age, etc.: independent variables
- : error term.
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Main Analysis
3.2.1. Binary Logistic Regression Analysis
3.2.2. Pearson Coefficient Correlation Analysis
3.2.3. Multiple Regression Analysis
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Prevalence of Depression
4.2. Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Depression
4.3. Mindsponge Theory as an Explaination for Depression, Social Connectedness and Acculturation
5. Recommendations for School Policy
- Having a warmer, more close-knit, and friendly education atmosphere is good to enhance trust among students, staffs, and university. By doing so, students will feel more connected to new environment and suffer less from acculturative stress.
- Empowering community-based activities is a potential bottom-up approach for increasing social connectedness, as well as reducing difficulties from acculturation.
6. Limitation and Recommendation for Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Domestic Students | International Students | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 67) Weighted % | Male (N = 25) Weighted % | Female (N = 42) Weighted % | Total (N = 201) Weighted % | Male (N = 73) Weighted % | Female (N = 128) Weighted % | |
Age | ||||||
17–19 | 28.36 | 20.00 | 33.33 | 35.82 | 31.51 | 38.28 |
20 | 25.37 | 40.00 | 16.67 | 16.92 | 10.96 | 20.31 |
>20 | 46.27 | 40.00 | 50.00 | 47.26 | 57.53 | 41.41 |
Length of stay | ||||||
Freshman | 29.85 | 24.00 | 33.33 | 47.26 | 45.21 | 48.44 |
2 years | 19.40 | 24.00 | 16.67 | 19.40 | 16.44 | 21.09 |
3 years | 34.33 | 28.00 | 38.10 | 22.89 | 23.29 | 22.66 |
>3 years | 16.42 | 24.00 | 11.90 | 10.45 | 15.07 | 7.81 |
English Proficiency | ||||||
Low | 22.39 | 20.00 | 23.81 | 3.48 | 2.74 | 3.91 |
Average | 58.21 | 60.00 | 57.14 | 20.40 | 15.07 | 23.44 |
High | 16.42 | 16.00 | 16.67 | 58.71 | 67.12 | 53.91 |
Native | 2.99 | 4.00 | 2.38 | 17.41 | 15.07 | 18.75 |
Japanese Proficiency | ||||||
Low | 1.49 | 4.00 | − | 45.27 | 41.10 | 47.66 |
Average | 5.97 | 8.00 | 4.76 | 42.29 | 42.47 | 42.19 |
High | 1.49 | 4.00 | − | 11.94 | 16.44 | 9.38 |
Native | 91.04 | 84.00 | 95.24 | 0.50 | − | 0.78 |
Intimate partner | ||||||
Yes | 40.30 | 40.00 | 40.48 | 37.81 | 30.14 | 42.19 |
No | 59.70 | 60.00 | 59.52 | 58.21 | 60.27 | 57.03 |
Religion | ||||||
Yes | 23.88 | 24.00 | 23.81 | 37.31 | 45.21 | 32.81 |
No | 76.12 | 76.00 | 76.19 | 62.69 | 54.79 | 67.19 |
Domestic Students | International Students | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 67) Weighted % | Male (N = 25) Weighted % | Female (N = 42) Weighted % | Total (N = 201) Weighted % | Male (N = 73) Weighted % | Female (N = 128) Weighted % | |
Type of depression | 29.85 | 28.00 | 30.95 | 37.81 | 34.25 | 39.84 |
Other depression | 11.94 | 8.00 | 14.29 | 22.89 | 19.18 | 25.00 |
Major depression | 17.91 | 20.00 | 16.67 | 14.93 | 15.07 | 14.84 |
Level of depression | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Minimal depression | 20.90 | 24.00 | 19.05 | 25.37 | 34.25 | 20.31 |
Mild depression | 38.81 | 32.00 | 42.86 | 40.30 | 36.99 | 42.19 |
Moderate depression | 29.85 | 32.00 | 28.57 | 26.37 | 20.55 | 29.69 |
Moderately severe depression | 5.97 | 8.00 | 4.76 | 5.47 | 4.11 | 6.25 |
Severe depression | 4.48 | 4.00 | 4.76 | 2.49 | 4.11 | 1.56 |
Domestic Students | International Students | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | p-Value | β | p-Value | |
Gender: Male | ||||
Female | 0.24 | 0.721 | 0.05 | 0.879 |
Age: 17–19 | ||||
20 | 2.24 | 0.048 * | −0.87 | 0.129 |
>20 | 2.24 | 0.104 | −0.59 | 0.216 |
Length of stay: Freshman | ||||
2 years | −1.46 | 0.190 | 0.80 | 0.103 |
3 years | −2.63 | 0.063 | 1.08 | 0.032 * |
>3 years | −2.87 | 0.096 | 1.04 | 0.106 |
English Proficiency: Low | ||||
Average | −1.63 | 0.038 * | −0.03 | 0.968 |
High | −1.33 | 0.112 | −0.27 | 0.720 |
Native | − | − | 0.40 | 0.621 |
Japanese Proficiency: Low | ||||
Average | − | − | −0.04 | 0.910 |
High | − | − | −0.25 | 0.638 |
Native | − | − | − | − |
Intimate partner: No | ||||
Yes | 0.42 | 0.549 | 0.20 | 0.55 |
Religion: No | ||||
Yes | −0.91 | 0.255 | −0.45 | 0.180 |
Pearson Correlation (Domestic Student) | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
1. Depression | 1.00 | ||
2. Acculturative stress | 0.45 *** | 1.00 | |
3. Social Connectedness | −0.60 *** | −0.55 *** | 1.00 |
Pearson Correlation (International Student) | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
1. Depression | 1.00 | ||
2. Acculturative stress | 0.41 *** | 1.00 | |
3. Social Connectedness | −0.54 *** | −0.58 *** | 1.00 |
Domestic Students | International Students | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | p-Value | β | p-Value | |
Social connectedness | −0.044 | 0.001 ** | −0.241 | 0.000 *** |
Acculturative stress | 0.014 | 0.026 * | 0.033 | 0.037 * |
R2 | 0.357 | 0.303 | ||
F (df) | F (2,64) = 17.77 *** | F (2,198) = 43.15 *** |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Nguyen, M.H.; Le, T.T.; Meirmanov, S. Depression, Acculturative Stress, and Social Connectedness among International University Students in Japan: A Statistical Investigation. Sustainability 2019, 11, 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030878
Nguyen MH, Le TT, Meirmanov S. Depression, Acculturative Stress, and Social Connectedness among International University Students in Japan: A Statistical Investigation. Sustainability. 2019; 11(3):878. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030878
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Minh Hoang, Tam Tri Le, and Serik Meirmanov. 2019. "Depression, Acculturative Stress, and Social Connectedness among International University Students in Japan: A Statistical Investigation" Sustainability 11, no. 3: 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030878
APA StyleNguyen, M. H., Le, T. T., & Meirmanov, S. (2019). Depression, Acculturative Stress, and Social Connectedness among International University Students in Japan: A Statistical Investigation. Sustainability, 11(3), 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030878