Depression, Acculturative Stress, and Social Connectedness among International University Students in Japan: A Statistical Investigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. Measures of Depression
2.3.2. Measures of Social Connectedness
2.3.3. Measures of Acculturative Stress
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Statistical Analysis
- : the probability of being depressed
- : intercept
- : coefficient which is the logarithm of Odd Ratios
- : categorical factor of independent variables
- gender, age, etc.: independent variables
- : error term.
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Main Analysis
3.2.1. Binary Logistic Regression Analysis
3.2.2. Pearson Coefficient Correlation Analysis
3.2.3. Multiple Regression Analysis
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Prevalence of Depression
4.2. Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Depression
4.3. Mindsponge Theory as an Explaination for Depression, Social Connectedness and Acculturation
5. Recommendations for School Policy
- Having a warmer, more close-knit, and friendly education atmosphere is good to enhance trust among students, staffs, and university. By doing so, students will feel more connected to new environment and suffer less from acculturative stress.
- Empowering community-based activities is a potential bottom-up approach for increasing social connectedness, as well as reducing difficulties from acculturation.
6. Limitation and Recommendation for Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- UNESCO. Education: Outbound Internationally Mobile Students by Host Region. 2019. Available online: http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?queryid=172# (accessed on 26 January 2019).
- Mathers, C.D.; Loncar, D. Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006, 3, e442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017.
- Okumura, Y.; Higuchi, T. Cost of Depression among Adults in Japan. Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord. 2011, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rupert, W. Hayes Why Does Japan Have Such a High Suicide Rate? BBC News, 2015. Available online: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-33362387(accessed on 29 January 2019).
- The Free Library Suicides Due to Hardships in Life, Job Loss up Sharply in 2009. 17 May 2010. Available online: https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Suicides due to hardships in life, job loss up sharply in 2009.-a0226580269 (accessed on 29 January 2019).
- Ibrahim, A.K.; Kelly, S.J.; Adams, C.E.; Glazebrook, C. A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2013, 47, 391–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tomoda, A.; Mori, K.; Kimura, M.; Takahashi, T.; Kitamura, T. One-year prevalence and incidence of depression among first-year university students in Japan: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2000, 54, 583–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kawada, T.; Katsumata, M.; Suzuki, H.; Shimizu, T. Actigraphic predictors of the depressive state in students with no psychiatric disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 2007, 98, 117–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- International Students in Japan; Japan Student Services Organization: Tokyo, Japan, 2017.
- Eskanadrieh, S.; Liu, Y.; Yamashina, H.; Kono, K.; Arai, A.; Lee, R.; Tamshiro, H. Depressive symptoms among international university students in northern Japan: Prevalence and associated factors. J. Int. Health 2012, 27, 165–170. [Google Scholar]
- Takafumi, H.; Terumi, I.; Hirokazu, T.; Naoko, S.; Tadashi, T.; Takashi, A.; Adm Jon, L. An analysis of mental disorders of international students visiting the Mental Health Service at Tsukuba University Health Center. Seishin shinkeigaku zasshi = Psychiatria et neurologia Japonica 2012, 114, 3–12. [Google Scholar]
- Deb, S.; Banu, P.R.; Thomas, S.; Vardhan, R.V.; Rao, P.T.; Khawaja, N. Depression among Indian university students and its association with perceived university academic environment, living arrangements and personal issues. Asian J. Psychiatry 2016, 23, 108–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Othieno, C.J.; Okoth, R.O.; Peltzer, K.; Pengpid, S.; Malla, L.O. Depression among university students in Kenya: Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. J. Affect. Disord. 2014, 165, 120–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shamsuddin, K.; Fadzil, F.; Ismail, W.S.W.; Shah, S.A.; Omar, K.; Muhammad, N.A.; Jaffar, A.; Ismail, A.; Mahadevan, R. Correlates of depression, anxiety and stress among Malaysian university students. Asian J. Psychiatry 2013, 6, 318–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarokhani, D.; Delpisheh, A.; Veisani, Y.; Sarokhani, M.T.; Manesh, R.E.; Sayehmiri, K. Prevalence of Depression among University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study. Depression Res. Treat. 2013, 2013, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gulec Oyekcin, D.; Sahin, E.M.; Aldemir, E. Mental health, suicidality and hopelessness among university students in Turkey. Asian J. Psychiatry 2017, 29, 185–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jasso-Medrano, J.L.; López-Rosales, F. Measuring the relationship between social media use and addictive behavior and depression and suicide ideation among university students. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2018, 87, 183–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdel Wahed, W.Y.; Hassan, S.K. Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among medical Fayoum University students. Alex. J. Med. 2017, 53, 77–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mitsui, N.; Asakura, S.; Takanobu, K.; Watanabe, S.; Toyoshima, K.; Kako, Y.; Ito, Y.M.; Kusumi, I. Prediction of major depressive episodes and suicide-related ideation over a 3-year interval among Japanese undergraduates. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0201047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanaka, N.; Uji, M.; Hiramura, H.; Chen, Z.; Shikai, N.; Kitamura, T. Cognitive patterns and depression: Study of a Japanese university student population. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2006, 60, 358–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Berry, J.W. Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 2005, 29, 697–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hovey, J.D. Acculturative stress, depression, and suicidal ideation in Mexican immigrants. Cult. Divers. Ethn. Minor. Psychol. 2000, 6, 134–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tummala-Narra, P.; Alegria, M.; Chen, C.-N. Perceived discrimination, acculturative stress, and depression among South Asians: Mixed findings. Asian Am. J. Psychol. 2012, 3, 3–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Revollo, H.-W.; Qureshi, A.; Collazos, F.; Valero, S.; Casas, M. Acculturative stress as a risk factor of depression and anxiety in the Latin American immigrant population. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 2011, 23, 84–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, H.-S.; Rubin, A. The mediating role of acculturative stress in the relationship between acculturation level and depression among Korean immigrants in the U.S. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 2012, 36, 611–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brunsting, N.C.; Zachry, C.; Takeuchi, R. Predictors of undergraduate international student psychosocial adjustment to US universities: A systematic review from 2009-2018. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 2018, 66, 22–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, M.; Heppner, P.P.; Mallen, M.J.; Ku, T.-Y.; Liao, K.Y.-H.; Wu, T.-F. Acculturative stress, perfectionism, years in the United States, and depression among Chinese international students. J. Couns. Psychol. 2007, 54, 385–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Constantine, M.G.; Okazaki, S.; Utsey, S.O. Self-Concealment, Social Self-Efficacy, Acculturative Stress, and Depression in African, Asian, and Latin American International College Students. Am. J. Orthopsychiatr. 2004, 74, 230–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, J.-S.; Koeske, G.F.; Sales, E. Social support buffering of acculturative stress: A study of mental health symptoms among Korean international students. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 2004, 28, 399–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ribeiro, Í.J.S.; Pereira, R.; Freire, I.V.; de Oliveira, B.G.; Casotti, C.A.; Boery, E.N. Stress and Quality of Life Among University Students: A Systematic Literature Review. Health Prof. Educ. 2018, 4, 70–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, R.M.; Robbins, S.B. Measuring belongingness: The Social Connectedness and the Social Assurance scales. J. Couns. Psychol. 1995, 42, 232–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, K.L.; Galliher, R.V. Predicting Depression and Self–Esteem from Social Connectedness, Support, and Competence. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 2006, 25, 855–874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yeh, C.J.; Inose, M. International students’ reported English fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress. Couns. Psychol. Q. 2003, 16, 15–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2019: Methodology 2018. Available online: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/methodology-world-university-rankings-2019#survey-answer (accessed on 28 January 2019).
- Vuong, Q.-H.; Bui, Q.-K.; La, V.-P.; Vuong, T.-T.; Nguyen, V.-H.T.; Ho, M.-T.; Nguyen, H.-K.T.; Ho, M.-T. Cultural additivity: Behavioural insights from the interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in folktales. Palgrave Commun. 2018, 4, 143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pekerti, A.A.; Thomas, D.C. n-Culturals: Modeling the multicultural identity. Cross Cult. Strateg. Manag. 2016, 23, 101–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pekerti, A.A.; Vuong, Q.H.; Napier, N.K. Double edge experiences of expatriate acculturation: Navigating through personal multiculturalism. J. Glob. Mobil. 2017, 5, 225–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- APU. Awards and Rankings; APU: Oita, Japan, 2018; Available online: http://en.apu.ac.jp/home/about/content177/ (accessed on 23 December 2018).
- APU. APU Student Numbers as of May 2017; APU: Oita, Japan, 2017; Available online: http://en.apu.ac.jp/home/news/article/?storyid=2865 (accessed on 23 December 2018).
- APU. APU Outline; APU: Oita, Japan, 2018; Available online: http://en.apu.ac.jp/home/about/content55/ (accessed on 23 December 2018).
- Kroenke, K.; Spitzer, R.L. The PHQ-9: A New Depression Diagnostic and Severity Measure. Psychiatr. Ann. 2002, 32, 509–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kroenke, K.; Spitzer, R.L.; Williams, J.B.W. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2001, 16, 606–613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eisenberg, D.; Golberstein, E.; Gollust, S.E. Help-Seeking and Access to Mental Health Care in a University Student Population. Med. Care 2007, 47, 594–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eisenberg, D.; Gollust, S.E.; Golberstein, E.; Hefner, J.L. Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. Am. J. Orthopsychiatr. 2007, 77, 534–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Spitzer, R.L. Validation and Utility of a Self-report Version of PRIME-MDThe PHQ Primary Care Study. JAMA 1999, 282, 1737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, X.; Han, X.; Luo, Q.; Jacobs, S.; Jean-Baptiste, M. Report of a Mental Health Survey Among Chinese International Students at Yale University. J. Am. Coll. Health 2013, 61, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eisenberg, D.; Hunt, J.; Speer, N.; Zivin, K. Mental Health Service Utilization Among College Students in the United States. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2011, 199, 301–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hendrickson, B.; Rosen, D.; Aune, R.K. An analysis of friendship networks, social connectedness, homesickness, and satisfaction levels of international students. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 2011, 35, 281–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, C.; Meng, Q.; Shang, L. How can Chinese international students’ host-national contact contribute to social connectedness, social support and reduced prejudice in the mainstream society? Testing a moderated mediation model. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 2018, 63, 43–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, R.M.; Keough, K.A.; Sexton, J.D. Social Connectedness, Social Appraisal, and Perceived Stress in College Women and Men. J. Couns. Dev. 2002, 80, 355–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, R.M.; Robbins, S.B. Understanding Social Connectedness in College Women and Men. J. Couns. Dev. 2000, 78, 484–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, R.M.; Robbins, S.B. The relationship between social connectedness and anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity. J. Couns. Psychol. 1998, 45, 338–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sandhu, D.S.; Asrabadi, B.R. Development of an Acculturative Stress Scale for International Students: Preliminary Findings. Psychol. Rep. 1994, 75, 435–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, N.; Xu, Y.; Chen, X.; Yu, B.; Yan, H.; Li, S. Acculturative stress, poor mental health and condom-use intention among international students in China. Health Educ. J. 2018, 77, 142–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vuong, Q.-H.; Ho, T.-M.; Nguyen, H.-K.; Vuong, T.-T. Healthcare consumers’ sensitivity to costs: A reflection on behavioural economics from an emerging market. Palgrave Commun. 2018, 4, 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hefner, J.; Eisenberg, D. Social support and mental health among college students. Am. J. Orthopsychiatr. 2009, 79, 491–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keyes, C.L.M.; Eisenberg, D.; Perry, G.S.; Dube, S.R.; Kroenke, K.; Dhingra, S.S. The Relationship of Level of Positive Mental Health with Current Mental Disorders in Predicting Suicidal Behavior and Academic Impairment in College Students. J. Am. Coll. Health 2012, 60, 126–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marconi, A.; Ranum, N.; Van Orman, S.; Hanson, B.; Donovan, V.; Borenitsch, E. Demographic differences in response rates for PHQ9 in a university student population. J. Am. Coll. Health 2018, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benesty, J.; Chen, J.; Huang, Y.; Cohen, I. Pearson Correlation Coefficient. In Noise Reduction in Speech Processing; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; Volume 2, pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-3-642-00295-3. [Google Scholar]
- Ogunsanya, M.E.; Bamgbade, B.A.; Thach, A.V.; Sudhapalli, P.; Rascati, K.L. Determinants of health-related quality of life in international graduate students. Curr. Pharm. Teach. Learn. 2018, 10, 413–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dogra, S.; MacIntosh, L.; O’Neill, C.; D’Silva, C.; Shearer, H.; Smith, K.; Côté, P. The association of physical activity with depression and stress among post-secondary school students: A systematic review. Ment. Health Phys. Act. 2018, 14, 146–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lex, H.; Ginsburg, Y.; Sitzmann, A.F.; Grayhack, C.; Maixner, D.F.; Mickey, B.J. Quality of life across domains among individuals with treatment-resistant depression. J. Affect. Disord. 2019, 243, 401–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Md, T.L.; Mb, C.J.; Mm, Y.-F.P.; Mb, W.Z.; Mb, X.F. Correlation between premature ejaculation and psychological disorders in 270 Chinese outpatients. Psychiatry Res. 2019, 272, 69–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee Rodgers, J.; Nicewander, W.A. Thirteen Ways to Look at the Correlation Coefficient. Am. Stat. 1988, 42, 59–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mui, A.C.; Kang, S.-Y. Acculturation Stress and Depression among Asian Immigrant Elders. Soc. Work 2006, 51, 243–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rousseeuw, P.J.; Hubert, M. Robust statistics for outlier detection: Robust statistics for outlier detection. WIREs Data Min. Knowl. Discov. 2011, 1, 73–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vuong, Q.H.; Napier, N.K.; Tran, T.D. A categorical data analysis on relationships between culture, creativity and business stage: The case of Vietnam. Int. J. Transit. Innov. Syst. 2013, 3, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, J.; Cohen, J. (Eds.) Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 3rd ed.; L. Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ, USA, 2003; ISBN 978-0-8058-2223-6. [Google Scholar]
- Vuong, Q.H.; Napier, N.K. Acculturation and global mindsponge: An emerging market perspective. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 2015, 49, 354–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takayama, Y.; Miura, E.; Miura, K.; Ono, S.; Ohkubo, C. Condition of depressive symptoms among Japanese dental students. Odontology 2011, 99, 179–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hyun, J.; Quinn, B.; Madon, T.; Lustig, S. Mental Health Need, Awareness, and Use of Counseling Services Among International Graduate Students. J. Am. Coll. Health 2007, 56, 109–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wilson, C.J.; Deane, F.P.; Ciarrochi, J.V.; Rickwood, D. Measuring help seeking intentions: Properties of the General Help Seeking Questionnaire. Can. J. Couns. 2005, 39, 15–28. [Google Scholar]
- Beiter, R.; Nash, R.; McCrady, M.; Rhoades, D.; Linscomb, M.; Clarahan, M.; Sammut, S. The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. J. Affect. Disord. 2015, 173, 90–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steptoe, A.; ardle, J.; Tsuda, A.; Tanaka, Y. Depressive symptoms, socio-economic background, sense of control, and cultural factors in University students from 23 Countries. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2007, 14, 97–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Misra, R.; Crist, M.; Burant, C.J. Relationships among Life Stress, Social Support, Academic Stressors, and Reactions to Stressors of International Students in the United States. Int. J. Stress Manag. 2003, 10, 137–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sümer, S.; Poyrazli, S.; Grahame, K. Predictors of Depression and Anxiety among International Students. J. Couns. Dev. 2008, 86, 429–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lester, D. Depression and suicide in college students and adolescents. Person. Individ. Differ. 1990, 7, 757–758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mathews, G.; White, B. (Eds.) Japan’s Changing Generations: Are Young People Creating a New Society? Japan Anthropology Workshop Series; Routledge Curzon: London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2004; ISBN 978-0-415-32227-0. [Google Scholar]
- Saunders, D.E.; Peterson, G.W.; Sampson, J.P.; Reardon, R.C. Relation of Depression and Dysfunctional Career Thinking to Career Indecision. J. Vocat. Behav. 2000, 56, 288–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rottinghaus, P.J.; Jenkins, N.; Jantzer, A.M. Relation of Depression and Affectivity to Career Decision Status and Self-Efficacy in College Students. J. Career Assess. 2009, 17, 271–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnett, J.J. Emerging Adulthood: What Is It, and What Is It Good For? Child Dev. Perspect. 2007, 1, 68–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levine, M.D. Ready or Not, Here Life Comes; Simon & Schuster: New York, NY, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Hamilton, S.F.; Hamilton, M.A. School, Work, and Emerging Adulthood. In Emerging Adults in America: Coming of Age in the 21st Century; Arnett, J.J., Tanner, J.L., Eds.; American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2006; pp. 257–277. ISBN 978-1-59147-329-9. [Google Scholar]
- Côté, J.E. Arrested Adulthood: The Changing Nature of Maturity and Identity; New York University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2000; ISBN 978-0-8147-1598-7. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, R.A.; Khawaja, N.G. A review of the acculturation experiences of international students. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 2011, 35, 699–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vuong, Q.H.; Napier, N.K. Making creativity: The value of multiple filters in the innovation process. Int. J. Transit. Innov. Syst. 2014, 3, 294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Praag, H.M. Can stress cause depression? World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 6, 5–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eraslan-Capan, B. Social Connectedness and Flourishing: The Mediating Role of Hopelessness. Univers. J. Educ. Res. 2016, 4, 933–940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rice, K.G.; Leever, B.A.; Christopher, J.; Porter, J.D. Perfectionism, stress, and social (dis)connection: A short-term study of hopelessness, depression, and academic adjustment among honors students. J. Couns. Psychol. 2006, 53, 524–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Furr, S.R.; Westefeld, J.S.; McConnell, G.N.; Jenkins, J.M. Suicide and depression among college students: A decade later. Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract. 2001, 32, 97–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilbert, J.R.; Rupert, P.A. Dysfunctional attitudes, loneliness, and depression in college students. Cognit. Ther. Res. 1986, 10, 71–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rich, A.R.; Scovel, M. Causes of Depression in College Students: A Cross-Lagged Panel Correlational Analysis. Psychol. Rep. 1987, 60, 27–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, M.; Russell, D.W.; Zakalik, R.A. Adult Attachment, Social Self-Efficacy, Self-Disclosure, Loneliness, and Subsequent Depression for Freshman College Students: A Longitudinal Study. J. Couns. Psychol. 2005, 52, 602–614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosembaum Asarnow, J.; Guthrite, D. Suicidal Behavior, Depression, and Hopelessness in Child Psychiatric Inpatients: A Replication and Extension. J. Clin. Child Psychol. 1989, 18, 129–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vuong, Q.H. Impacts of geographical locations and sociocultural traits on the Vietnamese entrepreneurship. SpringerPlus 2016, 5, 1189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aryee, S.; Debrah, Y.A. A cross-cultural application of a career planning model. J. Organ. Behav. 1993, 14, 119–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krumboltz, J.D. Integrating Career and Personal Counseling. Career Dev. Q. 1993, 42, 143–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lyall, L.M.; Wyse, C.A.; Celis-Morales, C.A.; Lyall, D.M.; Cullen, B.; Mackay, D.; Ward, J.; Graham, N.; Strawbridge, R.J.; Gill, J.M.R.; et al. Seasonality of depressive symptoms in women but not in men: A cross-sectional study in the UK Biobank cohort. J. Affect. Disord. 2018, 229, 296–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oyane, N.M.F.; Bjelland, I.; Pallesen, S.; Holsten, F.; Bjorvatn, B. Seasonality is associated with anxiety and depression: The Hordaland health study. J. Affect. Disord. 2008, 105, 147–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vuong, Q.-H.; La, V.-P.; Vuong, T.-T.; Ho, M.-T.; Nguyen, H.-K.T.; Nguyen, V.-H.; Pham, H.-H.; Ho, M.-T. An open database of productivity in Vietnam’s social sciences and humanities for public use. Sci. Data 2018, 5, 180188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Domestic Students | International Students | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 67) Weighted % | Male (N = 25) Weighted % | Female (N = 42) Weighted % | Total (N = 201) Weighted % | Male (N = 73) Weighted % | Female (N = 128) Weighted % | |
Age | ||||||
17–19 | 28.36 | 20.00 | 33.33 | 35.82 | 31.51 | 38.28 |
20 | 25.37 | 40.00 | 16.67 | 16.92 | 10.96 | 20.31 |
>20 | 46.27 | 40.00 | 50.00 | 47.26 | 57.53 | 41.41 |
Length of stay | ||||||
Freshman | 29.85 | 24.00 | 33.33 | 47.26 | 45.21 | 48.44 |
2 years | 19.40 | 24.00 | 16.67 | 19.40 | 16.44 | 21.09 |
3 years | 34.33 | 28.00 | 38.10 | 22.89 | 23.29 | 22.66 |
>3 years | 16.42 | 24.00 | 11.90 | 10.45 | 15.07 | 7.81 |
English Proficiency | ||||||
Low | 22.39 | 20.00 | 23.81 | 3.48 | 2.74 | 3.91 |
Average | 58.21 | 60.00 | 57.14 | 20.40 | 15.07 | 23.44 |
High | 16.42 | 16.00 | 16.67 | 58.71 | 67.12 | 53.91 |
Native | 2.99 | 4.00 | 2.38 | 17.41 | 15.07 | 18.75 |
Japanese Proficiency | ||||||
Low | 1.49 | 4.00 | − | 45.27 | 41.10 | 47.66 |
Average | 5.97 | 8.00 | 4.76 | 42.29 | 42.47 | 42.19 |
High | 1.49 | 4.00 | − | 11.94 | 16.44 | 9.38 |
Native | 91.04 | 84.00 | 95.24 | 0.50 | − | 0.78 |
Intimate partner | ||||||
Yes | 40.30 | 40.00 | 40.48 | 37.81 | 30.14 | 42.19 |
No | 59.70 | 60.00 | 59.52 | 58.21 | 60.27 | 57.03 |
Religion | ||||||
Yes | 23.88 | 24.00 | 23.81 | 37.31 | 45.21 | 32.81 |
No | 76.12 | 76.00 | 76.19 | 62.69 | 54.79 | 67.19 |
Domestic Students | International Students | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 67) Weighted % | Male (N = 25) Weighted % | Female (N = 42) Weighted % | Total (N = 201) Weighted % | Male (N = 73) Weighted % | Female (N = 128) Weighted % | |
Type of depression | 29.85 | 28.00 | 30.95 | 37.81 | 34.25 | 39.84 |
Other depression | 11.94 | 8.00 | 14.29 | 22.89 | 19.18 | 25.00 |
Major depression | 17.91 | 20.00 | 16.67 | 14.93 | 15.07 | 14.84 |
Level of depression | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Minimal depression | 20.90 | 24.00 | 19.05 | 25.37 | 34.25 | 20.31 |
Mild depression | 38.81 | 32.00 | 42.86 | 40.30 | 36.99 | 42.19 |
Moderate depression | 29.85 | 32.00 | 28.57 | 26.37 | 20.55 | 29.69 |
Moderately severe depression | 5.97 | 8.00 | 4.76 | 5.47 | 4.11 | 6.25 |
Severe depression | 4.48 | 4.00 | 4.76 | 2.49 | 4.11 | 1.56 |
Domestic Students | International Students | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | p-Value | β | p-Value | |
Gender: Male | ||||
Female | 0.24 | 0.721 | 0.05 | 0.879 |
Age: 17–19 | ||||
20 | 2.24 | 0.048 * | −0.87 | 0.129 |
>20 | 2.24 | 0.104 | −0.59 | 0.216 |
Length of stay: Freshman | ||||
2 years | −1.46 | 0.190 | 0.80 | 0.103 |
3 years | −2.63 | 0.063 | 1.08 | 0.032 * |
>3 years | −2.87 | 0.096 | 1.04 | 0.106 |
English Proficiency: Low | ||||
Average | −1.63 | 0.038 * | −0.03 | 0.968 |
High | −1.33 | 0.112 | −0.27 | 0.720 |
Native | − | − | 0.40 | 0.621 |
Japanese Proficiency: Low | ||||
Average | − | − | −0.04 | 0.910 |
High | − | − | −0.25 | 0.638 |
Native | − | − | − | − |
Intimate partner: No | ||||
Yes | 0.42 | 0.549 | 0.20 | 0.55 |
Religion: No | ||||
Yes | −0.91 | 0.255 | −0.45 | 0.180 |
Pearson Correlation (Domestic Student) | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
1. Depression | 1.00 | ||
2. Acculturative stress | 0.45 *** | 1.00 | |
3. Social Connectedness | −0.60 *** | −0.55 *** | 1.00 |
Pearson Correlation (International Student) | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
1. Depression | 1.00 | ||
2. Acculturative stress | 0.41 *** | 1.00 | |
3. Social Connectedness | −0.54 *** | −0.58 *** | 1.00 |
Domestic Students | International Students | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | p-Value | β | p-Value | |
Social connectedness | −0.044 | 0.001 ** | −0.241 | 0.000 *** |
Acculturative stress | 0.014 | 0.026 * | 0.033 | 0.037 * |
R2 | 0.357 | 0.303 | ||
F (df) | F (2,64) = 17.77 *** | F (2,198) = 43.15 *** |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nguyen, M.H.; Le, T.T.; Meirmanov, S. Depression, Acculturative Stress, and Social Connectedness among International University Students in Japan: A Statistical Investigation. Sustainability 2019, 11, 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030878
Nguyen MH, Le TT, Meirmanov S. Depression, Acculturative Stress, and Social Connectedness among International University Students in Japan: A Statistical Investigation. Sustainability. 2019; 11(3):878. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030878
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Minh Hoang, Tam Tri Le, and Serik Meirmanov. 2019. "Depression, Acculturative Stress, and Social Connectedness among International University Students in Japan: A Statistical Investigation" Sustainability 11, no. 3: 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030878