Analysis of Land Cover Change Detection in Gozamin District, Ethiopia: From Remote Sensing and DPSIR Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Remote Sensing Data and Preprocessing
2.2.2. Field Data Collection
2.3. Land Cover Classification and Post Classification
2.4. Accuracy Assessment
2.5. Land Cover Change Analysis
2.6. Household Survey and Data Analysis of DPSIR Framework of Land Cover Change
2.7. DPSIR Model for Identification of Factors of Land Cover Changes
- Drivers of land cover change;
- Pressures on the land cover;
- State or condition of land due to the changing situations;
- Impacts on population, economy, ecosystems, and/or environment to the land cover change; and
- Response of the society to the land cover change.
3. Results
3.1. Land Cover
3.2. Accuracy of Land Cover Maps
3.3. Land Cover Changes
3.4. Results of Analysis of DPSIR Indicators in Relation to Land Cover Change
3.4.1. Drivers of Land Cover Change
3.4.2. Pressures Exerted Due to Land Cover Change
3.4.3. States of the Land due to the Land Cover Change
3.4.4. Impacts of Land Cover Change
3.4.5. Responses of Farmers on the Effect of Land Cover Change
3.4.6. DSPIR Model
4. Discussion
4.1. Land Cover Change
4.2. DPSIR Indicators in Relation to Land Cover Change
4.2.1. Drivers of Land Cover Change
4.2.2. Pressures in Land Cover Change
4.2.3. State in Land Cover Change
4.2.4. Impacts of Land Cover Change
4.2.5. Response in Land Cover Change
5. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
- The concerned government authorities should promote yearly tree planting in collaboration with non-governmental organizations;
- Public authorities should provide incentives to the local people for protecting and restoring the native forest, as well as for guarding new plantations;
- The concerned government authorities should take appropriate steps to avoid further degradation of land and to restore the degraded lands;
- Proper land use planning should be carried out for the area prior to any developmental project being conducted in the area;
- The concerned government authorities should give attention to family planning methods to reduce the alarming population growth.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Satellite | Sensor | Acquisition Date | Bands Used | Spatial Resolution |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sentinel-2 | Multispectral Imager (MSI) | 2018/2/6 | Visible (B2, B3, B4) | 10 m |
NIR (B8, B8A) | 10 and 20 m | |||
Red Edge (B5, B6, B7) | 20 m | |||
SWIR (B11, B12) | 20 m | |||
Landsat 7 | Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) | 2003/2/4 | Visible (B1, B2, B3) | 30 m |
NIR (B4) | 30 m | |||
SWIR (B5, B7) | 30 m | |||
Landsat 5 | Thematic Mapper (TM) | 1986/1/12 | Visible (B1, B2, B3) | 30 m |
NIR (B4) | 30 m | |||
SWIR (B5, B7) | 30 m |
Land Cover Type | Description of Each Land Cover Type |
---|---|
Forest | Natural forest and plantation area with mainly planted eucalyptus trees. Areas covered by trees (eucalyptus) forming closed or nearly closed canopies; forest; plantation forest; dense (50%-80% crown cover) predominant species like Juniperus procera. |
Grassland | Land covered with natural grass, or dominated by grass, it includes areas used for communal grazing as well as a bare land that is seasonally grass-covered. |
Cropland | Rain-fed agricultural land, both small- and large-scale, cropped at least once per year. Areas of land prepared for crop production. This category includes areas currently covered by crops, areas prepared for cultivation, and fallow plots. |
Built-up areas | Areas are mainly scattered rural settlement and rural institutions such as schools and clinics. |
Shrubs and scattered vegetation | Land covered by small trees, thorny bushes, and short shrubs, in some cases mixed with grasses, less dense than forests. |
Bare land | Areas of land which are not covered by any type of vegetation due to erosion, over grazing and cultivation. Areas without any vegetation due to either erosion or mismanagement (especially over grazing); also covered by bare soil and exposed rocks. |
Water bodies | Permanent rivers and fresh water (rivers, streams, intermittent ponds and canals). It also includes wetlands, which dry up during the dry season. |
Land Cover Type | Area | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1986 | 2003 | 2018 | ||||
(ha) | (%) | (ha) | (%) | (ha) | (%) | |
Forest | 18,630.4 | 15.30 | 22,880.2 | 18.79 | 34,959.2 | 28.77 |
Grassland | 31,336.7 | 25.72 | 25,301.6 | 20.77 | 24,392.2 | 20.02 |
Cropland | 52,640.4 | 43.21 | 52,360.1 | 42.98 | 39,813.8 | 32.68 |
Built-up | 548.8 | 0.45 | 1961.1 | 1.61 | 5451.3 | 4.47 |
Shrub/Veg | 13,070.3 | 10.73 | 15,536.0 | 12.75 | 14,259.7 | 11.71 |
Bare areas | 5479.1 | 4.50 | 3630.2 | 2.98 | 2526.6 | 2.01 |
Water body | 115.1 | 0.09 | 151.6 | 0.12 | 418 | 0.34 |
Land Cover Type | 1986 | 2003 | 2018 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
User’s Accuracy | Producer’s Accuracy | User’s Accuracy | Producer’s Accuracy | User’s Accuracy | Producer’s Accuracy | |
Forest | 96.5 | 93.9 | 94.9 | 98.9 | 96.5 | 98.8 |
Grassland | 94.7 | 96.4 | 96.1 | 93.7 | 97.5 | 96.3 |
Cropland | 79.8 | 98.4 | 80.4 | 97.5 | 96.4 | 91.9 |
Built-up | 87 | 50 | 96 | 55 | 85.7 | 98.3 |
Shrub/Sc. Vegetation | 87.5 | 89.7 | 100 | 90.9 | 94.1 | 80 |
Bare areas | 85 | 63 | 98 | 78 | 95.1 | 75.7 |
Water bodies | 100 | 75 | 100 | 96.3 | 100 | 97.1 |
Overall accuracy | 87.7% | 89.2% | 94.9% | |||
Kappa statistics | 0.83 | 0.86 | 0.93 |
Land Cover Type | Change (%) | Net Change (ha) | Rate of Change (ha/Year) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1986–2003 | 2003–2018 | 1986–2018 | 1986–2003 | 2003–2018 | 1986–2018 | 1986–2003 | 2003–2018 | 1986–2018 | |
Forest | 3.49 | 9.98 | 13.47 | 4249.8 | 12,079 | 16,328.8 | 249.9 | 805.3 | 510.3 |
Grassland | −4.95 | −0.75 | −5.7 | −6035.1 | −909.4 | −6944.5 | −355.0 | −60.6 | −217.0 |
Cropland | −0.23 | −10.3 | −10.53 | −280.3 | −12,546.3 | −12,826.6 | −16.5 | −836.4 | −400.8 |
Built-up | 1.16 | 2.86 | 4.02 | 1412.3 | 3490.2 | 4902.5 | 83.1 | 232.7 | 153.2 |
Shrub/Veg | 2.02 | −1.04 | 0.98 | 2465.7 | −1276.3 | 1189.4 | 145.0 | −85.1 | 37.2 |
Bare areas | −1.52 | −0.97 | −2.49 | −1848.9 | −1103.6 | −2952.5 | −108.8 | −73.6 | −92.3 |
Water body | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 36.5 | 266.4 | 302.9 | 2.1 | 17.8 | 9.5 |
Drivers of Land Cover Change | Total | % |
---|---|---|
Increment of population growth | 286 | 83.4 |
Overuse of land | 234 | 68.2 |
Reduced farm size | 211 | 61.5 |
Climate change | 229 | 66.8 |
Rural land tenure system | 245 | 71.4 |
High wood demand | 143 | 41.7 |
Scarcity of grazing land | 219 | 63.8 |
Pressures of Land Cover Change | Total | % |
---|---|---|
Competition on communal land | 240 | 70.0 |
Over grazing of land | 256 | 74.6 |
Demand for agricultural land | 277 | 80.8 |
Increased demand for forest product | 151 | 44.0 |
Agro-forestry | 260 | 75.8 |
Selective cutting of trees | 227 | 66.2 |
Soil moisture change | 158 | 46.1 |
States of Land Cover Change | Total | % |
---|---|---|
Rainfall variability | 251 | 73.2 |
Soil erosion | 211 | 61.5 |
Forest cover change | 292 | 85.1 |
Loss of soil fertility | 231 | 67.3 |
Increase of land prices | 264 | 77.0 |
Increased land fragmentation | 255 | 74.3 |
Biodiversity change | 270 | 78.7 |
Impacts of Land Cover Change | Total | % |
---|---|---|
Increase rural to urban migration | 279 | 81.3 |
Scarcity of land | 261 | 76.1 |
Land productivity decline | 233 | 67.9 |
Change in population size | 273 | 79.6 |
Loss of soil quality | 221 | 64.4 |
Loss of biodiversity | 186 | 54.2 |
Increase resource consumption | 231 | 67.3 |
Responses of Land Cover Change | Total | % |
---|---|---|
Conservation and rehabilitation of resource | 284 | 82.8 |
Investment in land resource | 184 | 53.6 |
Raising awareness of farmers in land management | 299 | 87.2 |
Applying appropriate land use planning | 236 | 68.8 |
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Share and Cite
Gedefaw, A.A.; Atzberger, C.; Bauer, T.; Agegnehu, S.K.; Mansberger, R. Analysis of Land Cover Change Detection in Gozamin District, Ethiopia: From Remote Sensing and DPSIR Perspectives. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4534. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114534
Gedefaw AA, Atzberger C, Bauer T, Agegnehu SK, Mansberger R. Analysis of Land Cover Change Detection in Gozamin District, Ethiopia: From Remote Sensing and DPSIR Perspectives. Sustainability. 2020; 12(11):4534. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114534
Chicago/Turabian StyleGedefaw, Abebaw Andarge, Clement Atzberger, Thomas Bauer, Sayeh Kassaw Agegnehu, and Reinfried Mansberger. 2020. "Analysis of Land Cover Change Detection in Gozamin District, Ethiopia: From Remote Sensing and DPSIR Perspectives" Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4534. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114534