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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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22 pages, 5574 KB  
Review
Discarded Mattresses: From Environmental Problem to Recoverable Resource
by Javier Arias Madero, Jose Antonio Balmori Roiz, Luis-Alfonso Basterra Otero and Iker Diaz Gonzalez
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8371; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188371 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1274
Abstract
Mattresses represent one of the most widespread and problematic bulky waste streams worldwide, due to their unavoidable daily use, their high presence in municipal solid waste flows, and the complexity of their end-of-life management. Their heterogeneous composition—combining polyurethane foams, textiles, metal springs, and [...] Read more.
Mattresses represent one of the most widespread and problematic bulky waste streams worldwide, due to their unavoidable daily use, their high presence in municipal solid waste flows, and the complexity of their end-of-life management. Their heterogeneous composition—combining polyurethane foams, textiles, metal springs, and adhesives—makes separation and recovery difficult, leading many discarded mattresses to end up in landfills or incinerators, with associated greenhouse gas emissions and the loss of valuable secondary resources. Within this context, recycling emerges as a priority alternative under the circular economy framework, enabling material recovery and reducing reliance on traditional disposal methods. Among current options, mechanical recycling is especially promising, as it provides energy savings and lower emissions compared to thermal treatments. However, its large-scale implementation requires improvements in product design, collection logistics, and regulatory frameworks to address existing challenges. This article provides a critical review of the current state of mattress recycling and valorization, examining technological advances, environmental impacts, and systemic barriers. It also highlights successful initiatives in the hospitality and healthcare sectors, which illustrate the potential of circular strategies to transform bulky waste management and promote sustainable material flows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)
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17 pages, 508 KB  
Review
Decision Support Systems in Integrated Pest and Disease Management: Innovative Elements in Sustainable Agriculture
by Anna Tratwal, Magdalena Jakubowska and Aleksandra Pietrusińska-Radzio
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8111; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188111 - 9 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1089
Abstract
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a system that combines ready-made plant protection methods. IPM guidelines apply to all users of plant protection products and require the prioritization of preventative methods. Adherence to IPM principles contributes to the production of healthy and safe food. [...] Read more.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a system that combines ready-made plant protection methods. IPM guidelines apply to all users of plant protection products and require the prioritization of preventative methods. Adherence to IPM principles contributes to the production of healthy and safe food. In Poland, the implementation of IPM into agricultural practice remains a solution to the problem. Furthermore, it is necessary to ensure education and implementation of IPM at the basic or implementation level. The IPM element, particularly emphasized in the 2009/128/EC Directive, is the use of so-called warning systems, tools that address the issue of plant protection application. In this regard, it is necessary to use decision support systems (DSSs). DSSs are digital solutions that integrate meteorological, global, and field data. They include the risk of disease and pest occurrence and the timing of the application. DSSs are not part of the farmer’s experience or presentation but support them in making sound decisions. DSS reduces costs, the side effects of plant protection, and energy consumption. Examples of such solutions in Poland include the eDWIN platform and OPWS, classified, among others, in cereal protection against fungi. The aim of this article is to present the role, capabilities, and limitations of decision support systems in modern agricultural production and their importance in the context of the Green Deal and digital agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Strategies for Rural Development: Advances in Sustainable Agriculture and Responsible Agritourism)
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24 pages, 3861 KB  
Review
From Microbial Heuristics to Institutional Resilience: Principles for Ecosystem Stewardship in the Anthropocene
by Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo and David G. Angeler
Sustainability 2025, 17(17), 8035; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17178035 - 6 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1128
Abstract
This essay proposes a transdisciplinary framework that positions cooperation as a foundational principle for ecosystem stewardship in the Anthropocene. Drawing from microbial ecology, evolutionary theory, and sustainability science, we argue that cooperation, rather than competition, is a robust and scalable strategy for resilience [...] Read more.
This essay proposes a transdisciplinary framework that positions cooperation as a foundational principle for ecosystem stewardship in the Anthropocene. Drawing from microbial ecology, evolutionary theory, and sustainability science, we argue that cooperation, rather than competition, is a robust and scalable strategy for resilience across biological and institutional systems. In particular, microbial behaviors such as biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and horizontal gene transfer are especially pronounced in extreme environments, where cooperation becomes essential for survival. These strategies serve as functional analogues that illuminate the structural logics of resilience: interdependence, redundancy, distributed coordination, and adaptation. As the Anthropocene progresses toward increasingly extreme conditions, including potential “Hothouse Earth” scenarios driven by climate disruption, such ecological heuristics offer concrete insights into how human institutions can adapt to stress and uncertainty. Rather than reiterating familiar calls for hybrid governance, we use microbial cooperation as a heuristic to reveal the functional architecture already present in many resilient governance practices. These microbial strategies emerging from life in extreme environments demonstrate how interdependence, redundancy, and distributed coordination can create system resilience and sustainability in the long run. By translating microbial survival strategies into institutional design principles, this framework reframes ecosystem stewardship not as a normative ideal, but as an ecological imperative grounded in the evolutionary logic of cooperation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)
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13 pages, 662 KB  
Article
Significant Reduction in the Impact of Oil Spills and Chronic Oil Pollution on Seabirds: A Long-Term Case Study from the Gulf of Gdańsk, Southern Baltic Sea
by Włodzimierz Meissner
Sustainability 2025, 17(17), 8037; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17178037 - 6 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1282
Abstract
The marine environment has long been affected by chronic operational oil pollution, leading to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of seabirds. In many countries Beached Bird Survey programmes have been established, in which dead birds with oil-contaminated plumage are counted along shorelines. [...] Read more.
The marine environment has long been affected by chronic operational oil pollution, leading to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of seabirds. In many countries Beached Bird Survey programmes have been established, in which dead birds with oil-contaminated plumage are counted along shorelines. This study analyses data from Beached Bird Surveys conducted in the western Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea) between 1965/66 and 2024/25 to assess long-term trends in oil pollution. Over a total of 55 seasons, 12,264 dead birds representing 49 different species were recorded, of which 2748 individuals (22%) had oiled plumage. The oil rate was very high up to the 1977/78 season, ranging from 58% to 95%. During that period, the highest densities of oiled birds were also recorded, with values exceeding 20 individuals. A significant decline in the number of oiled birds occurred in the early 1980s, and, apart from two anomalous seasons in the mid-1990s, numbers have remained low since then. This sharp drop coincides with the enforcement of MARPOL regulations and the introduction of regular aerial surveillance to detect oil spills and identify violators. The resulting reduction in ship-based pollution has supported more sustainable use of this ecologically important marine region. The findings highlight the effectiveness of international regulations and monitoring efforts in reducing chronic oil pollution and improving the health of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)
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22 pages, 2425 KB  
Review
Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollution and Sustainable Uses of Indigene Absorbents for Spill Removal from the Environment—A Review
by Daniel Arghiropol, Tiberiu Rusu, Marioara Moldovan, Gertrud-Alexandra Paltinean, Laura Silaghi-Dumitrescu, Codruta Sarosi and Ioan Petean
Sustainability 2025, 17(17), 8018; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17178018 - 5 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1460
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution is a serious environmental and human health problem. In recent decades, the impact of this substance has been profound and persistent, affecting the balance of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and leading to significant physical and psychosocial effects among the population. [...] Read more.
Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution is a serious environmental and human health problem. In recent decades, the impact of this substance has been profound and persistent, affecting the balance of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and leading to significant physical and psychosocial effects among the population. Natural sources (crude oil, natural gas, forest fires, and volcanic eruptions) and anthropogenic (road traffic, smoking, pesticide use, oil drilling, underground water leaks, improper oil spills, industrial and mining waste water washing, etc.), the molar weight of the hydrocarbon, and the physicochemical properties are important factors in determining the degree of pollution. The effects of pollution on the environment consist of altering the fundamental structures for sustaining life (infertile lands, climate change, and loss of biodiversity). In terms of human health, diseases of the following systems occur: respiratory (asthma, bronchitis), cardiovascular (stroke, heart attack), pulmonary (infections, cancer), and premature death. To reduce contamination, sustainable intervention must be carried out in the early stages of the pollution-control process. These include physical techniques (isolation, soil vapor extraction, solvent extraction, soil washing), chemical techniques (dispersants–surfactants, chemical oxidation, solidification/stabilization, thermal desorption), biological techniques (bioremediation, phytoremediation), and indigenous absorbents (peat, straw, wood sawdust, natural zeolites, clays, hemp fibers, granular slag, Adabline II OS). Due to the significant environmental consequences, decisions regarding the treatment of contaminated sites should be made by environmental experts, who must consider factors such as treatment costs, environmental protection regulations, resource recovery, and social implications. Public awareness is also crucial, as citizens need to understand the severity of the issue. They must address the sources of pollution to develop sustainable solutions for ecosystem decontamination. By protecting the environment, we are also safeguarding human nature. Full article
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21 pages, 1981 KB  
Review
Risks and Challenges in CO2 Capture, Use, Transportation, and Storage
by D. Nathan Meehan
Sustainability 2025, 17(17), 7871; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177871 - 1 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1848
Abstract
Reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions will require broad deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS), yet significant challenges remain. This paper reviews the main barriers that may hinder or delay widespread CCS adoption, drawing on current projects in various stages of planning, construction, [...] Read more.
Reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions will require broad deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS), yet significant challenges remain. This paper reviews the main barriers that may hinder or delay widespread CCS adoption, drawing on current projects in various stages of planning, construction, and development. The discussion focuses on technical, economic, social, and regulatory aspects of CCS and identifies several key obstacles. These include the high financial burden on energy production, persistent uncertainties about the long-term behavior of stored CO2, and the complexity of the regulatory framework governing CCS projects and CO2 pipelines. Carbon capture, use, and storage (CCUS) remains a major focus of attention in the petroleum industry due to its potential to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or prevent future emissions. Despite this potential, challenges and risks continue to limit progress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
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28 pages, 2204 KB  
Review
Torrefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Pathway to Renewable Energy, Circular Economy, and Sustainable Agriculture
by Salini Chandrasekharan Nair, Vineetha John, Renu Geetha Bai and Timo Kikas
Sustainability 2025, 17(17), 7738; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177738 - 28 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1802
Abstract
Torrefaction, a mild thermochemical pretreatment process, is widely acknowledged as an effective strategy for enhancing the energy potential of lignocellulosic biomass. This review systematically evaluates the technological, environmental, and economic dimensions of lignocellulosic biomass torrefaction with the objective of clarifying its critical role [...] Read more.
Torrefaction, a mild thermochemical pretreatment process, is widely acknowledged as an effective strategy for enhancing the energy potential of lignocellulosic biomass. This review systematically evaluates the technological, environmental, and economic dimensions of lignocellulosic biomass torrefaction with the objective of clarifying its critical role in sustainable energy production and circular economy frameworks. Drawing from recent literature, the review covers process fundamentals, feedstock characteristics and operational parameters—typically 200–300 °C, heating rates below 50 °C per minute, ~1 h residence time, and oxygen-deficient conditions. The impacts of torrefaction on fuel properties, such as increased energy density, improved grindability and pelletability, enhanced storage stability, and reduced microbial degradation are critically assessed along with its contribution to waste valorization and renewable energy conversion. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of torrefied biomass (biochar) in sustainable agriculture, where it can enhance nutrient retention, improve soil quality and promote long-term carbon sequestration. This review identifies an unresolved research gap in aligning large-scale techno-economic feasibility with environmental impacts, specifically concerning the high process energy requirements, emission mitigation and regulatory integration. Process optimization, reactor design and supportive policy frameworks are identified as key strategies that could significantly improve the economic viability and sustainability outcomes. Overall, torrefaction demonstrates substantial potential as a scalable pathway for converting waste agricultural and forest residues into carbon-neutral biofuels. By effectively linking biomass waste valorization with renewable energy production and sustainable agricultural practices, this review offers a practical route to reducing environmental impacts while supporting the broader objectives of the global circular economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Valorization of Biomass for Clean Energy and High-Value Products)
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12 pages, 754 KB  
Opinion
Tropical Cyclones and Coral Reefs Under a Changing Climate: Prospects and Likely Synergies Between Future High-Energy Storms and Other Acute and Chronic Coral Reef Stressors
by Stephen M. Turton
Sustainability 2025, 17(17), 7651; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177651 - 25 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1922
Abstract
Shallow warm-water coral reefs are among the most biodiverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth, supporting a quarter of all marine life and delivering critical ecosystem services such as coastal protection, food security, and economic benefits through tourism and fisheries. However, these ecosystems are [...] Read more.
Shallow warm-water coral reefs are among the most biodiverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth, supporting a quarter of all marine life and delivering critical ecosystem services such as coastal protection, food security, and economic benefits through tourism and fisheries. However, these ecosystems are under escalating threat from anthropogenic climate change, with tropical cyclones representing their most significant high-energy storm disturbances. Approximately 70% of the world’s coral reefs lie within the tropical cyclone belt, where the frequency, intensity, and rainfall associated with tropical cyclones are changing due to global warming. Coral reefs already compromised by climate-induced stressors—such as marine heatwaves, ocean acidification, and sea-level rise—are increasingly vulnerable to the compounding impacts of more intense and slower-moving cyclones. Projected changes in cyclone behaviour, including regional variations in storm intensity and rainfall, may further undermine coral reef resilience, pushing many reef systems toward irreversible degradation. Future impacts will be regionally variable but increasingly severe without immediate climate mitigation. Building reef resilience will require a combination of rapid global carbon emission reductions and ambitious adaptation strategies, including enhanced reef management and restoration and conservation efforts. The long-term survival of coral reefs now hinges on coordinated global action and support for reef-dependent communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Science and Management Approaches to Support Coral Reefs in a Time of Rapid Climate Change)
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32 pages, 5858 KB  
Review
Geopolymer Materials: Cutting-Edge Solutions for Sustainable Design Building
by Laura Ricciotti, Caterina Frettoloso, Rossella Franchino, Nicola Pisacane and Raffaella Aversa
Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7483; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167483 - 19 Aug 2025
Viewed by 2656
Abstract
The development of innovative and environmentally sustainable construction materials is a strategic priority in the context of the ecological transition and circular economy. Geopolymers and alkali-activated materials, derived from industrial and construction waste rich in aluminosilicates, are gaining increasing attention as low-carbon alternatives [...] Read more.
The development of innovative and environmentally sustainable construction materials is a strategic priority in the context of the ecological transition and circular economy. Geopolymers and alkali-activated materials, derived from industrial and construction waste rich in aluminosilicates, are gaining increasing attention as low-carbon alternatives to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which remains one of the main contributors to anthropogenic CO2 emissions and landfill-bound construction waste. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of geopolymer-based solutions for building and architectural applications, with a particular focus on modular multilayer panels. Key aspects, such as chemical formulation, mechanical and thermal performance, durability, technological compatibility, and architectural flexibility, are critically examined. The discussion integrates considerations of disassemblability, reusability, and end-of-life scenarios, adopting a life cycle perspective to assess the circular potential of geopolymer building systems. Advanced fabrication strategies, including 3D printing and fibre reinforcement, are evaluated for their contribution to performance enhancement and material customisation. In parallel, the use of parametric modelling and digital tools such as building information modelling (BIM) coupled with life cycle assessment (LCA) enables holistic performance monitoring and optimisation throughout the design and construction process. The review also explores the emerging application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning for predictive mix design and material property forecasting, identifying key trends and limitations in current research. Representative quantitative indicators demonstrate the performance and environmental potential of geopolymer systems: compressive strengths typically range from 30 to 80 MPa, with thermal conductivity values as low as 0.08–0.18 W/m·K for insulating panels. Life cycle assessments report 40–60% reductions in CO2 emissions compared with OPC-based systems, underscoring their contribution to climate-neutral construction. Although significant progress has been made, challenges remain in terms of long-term durability, standardisation, data availability, and regulatory acceptance. Future perspectives are outlined, emphasising the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, digital integration, and performance-based codes to support the full deployment of geopolymer technologies in sustainable building and architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Net Zero Carbon Building and Sustainable Built Environment)
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34 pages, 4350 KB  
Review
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes
by Krzysztof Piaskowski, Renata Świderska-Dąbrowska and Tomasz Dąbrowski
Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7414; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167414 - 16 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1096
Abstract
The observed increase in the diversity and level of pollutant content in the water environment forces the development of more effective technologies for their removal. Using nanomaterials in water and wastewater treatment offers numerous opportunities to remove organic and inorganic contaminants that are [...] Read more.
The observed increase in the diversity and level of pollutant content in the water environment forces the development of more effective technologies for their removal. Using nanomaterials in water and wastewater treatment offers numerous opportunities to remove organic and inorganic contaminants that are hardly removable in conventional processes. In this group, carbon-based nanomaterials, mainly carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (Gr), and graphene oxide (GO), are very popular. This review aims to present the directions and diversity of applications of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) in water and wastewater technology, as well as the challenges and environmental dangers that new solutions entail. Authors also present the results of the research on the changes in properties of GO produced in the laboratory as water suspension and a freeze-dried product over time. The results confirm the significant influence of the form of graphene oxide and its storage time on the structural properties, hydrophilicity, and stability of GO. Therefore, they should be considered when selecting an adsorbent or reaction catalyst in environmental applications for developing new greener and sustainable methods of treatment and purification, which use fewer reagents and release safer products. Full article
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21 pages, 980 KB  
Article
Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils Using Phosphate-Enriched Sewage Sludge Biochar
by Protogene Mbasabire, Yves Theoneste Murindangabo, Jakub Brom, Protegene Byukusenge, Jean de Dieu Marcel Ufitikirezi, Josine Uwihanganye, Sandra Nicole Umurungi, Marie Grace Ntezimana, Karim Karimunda and Roger Bwimba
Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7345; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167345 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 2000
Abstract
Heavy metals represent long-lasting contaminants that pose significant risks to both human health and ecosystem integrity. Originating from both natural and anthropogenic activities, they bioaccumulate in organisms through the food web, leading to widespread and long-lasting contamination. Industrialization, agriculture, and urbanization have exacerbated [...] Read more.
Heavy metals represent long-lasting contaminants that pose significant risks to both human health and ecosystem integrity. Originating from both natural and anthropogenic activities, they bioaccumulate in organisms through the food web, leading to widespread and long-lasting contamination. Industrialization, agriculture, and urbanization have exacerbated soil and water contamination through activities such as mining, industrial production, and wastewater use. In response to this challenge, biochar produced from waste materials such as sewage sludge has emerged as a promising remediation strategy, offering a cost-effective and sustainable means to immobilize heavy metals and reduce their bioavailability in contaminated environments. Here we explore the potential of phosphate-enriched biochar, derived from sewage sludge, to adsorb and stabilize heavy metals in polluted soils. Sewage sludge was pyrolyzed at various temperatures to produce biochar. A soil incubation experiment was conducted by adding phosphate-amended biochar to contaminated soil and maintaining it for one month. Heavy metals were extracted using a CaCl2 extraction method and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results demonstrated that phosphate amendment significantly enhanced the biochar’s capacity to immobilize heavy metals. Amending soils with 2.5 wt% phosphate-enriched sewage sludge biochar led to reductions in bioavailable Cd (by 65–82%), Zn (40–75%), and Pb (52–88%) across varying pyrolysis temperatures. Specifically, phosphate-amended biochar reduced the mobility of Cd and Zn more effectively than unamended biochar, with a significant decrease in their concentrations in soil extracts. For Cu and Pb, the effectiveness varied with pyrolysis temperature and phosphate amendment, highlighting the importance of optimization for specific metal contaminants. Biochar generated from elevated pyrolysis temperatures (500 °C) showed an increase in ash content and pH, which improved their ability to retain heavy metals and limit their mobility. These findings suggest that phosphate-amended biochar reduces heavy metal bioavailability, minimizing their entry into the food chain. This supports a sustainable approach for managing hazardous waste and remediating contaminated soils, safeguarding ecosystem health, and mitigating public health risks. Full article
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25 pages, 2308 KB  
Article
Socio-Economic Benefits of Different Indonesian Crops: Opportunities for Sago Starch in Bioplastic Development
by Ida Bagus Gede Sutawijaya, Aritta Suwarno and Lars Hein
Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7351; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167351 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1306
Abstract
The growing global demand for bioplastics highlights the need for sustainable starch sources, and Indonesia has considerable potential for cultivating such feedstock. While cassava has been widely promoted, there is limited scientific justification for prioritizing it over alternatives such as sago. An important [...] Read more.
The growing global demand for bioplastics highlights the need for sustainable starch sources, and Indonesia has considerable potential for cultivating such feedstock. While cassava has been widely promoted, there is limited scientific justification for prioritizing it over alternatives such as sago. An important distinction is that cassava is grown on mineral soils, where many alternative crops are viable, whereas sago is cultivated on peatlands, where relatively few crops can be grown sustainably. This study compares the socio-economic benefits of cassava and sago, considering their competitiveness against their main competing crops (i.e., corn on mineral soils and oil palm on peatlands). For new plantations, sago generated lower farm-level benefits than cassava, with net present values of 1534 EUR/ha and 5719 EUR/ha, respectively. However, when integrating starch processing and environmental impacts, sago provided greater benefits than cassava (4166 EUR/ha vs. 3555 EUR/ha). In the long term, sago may become more profitable than cassava due to its low maintenance and lack of replanting needs. Additionally, sago offers broader societal and environmental advantages, as it thrives on undrained peatlands, for which few alternatives exist. This study concludes that sago, as a paludiculture crop, is a sustainable option for bioplastic feedstock and can support peatland restoration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Resources and Sustainable Utilization)
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19 pages, 1124 KB  
Article
Assessing the Potential Agronomic Value of Spent Mushroom Substrates: Evaluating Their Suitability to Contribute to Soil Carbon Storage
by María R. Yagüe, José A. González-Pérez, Gonzalo Almendros and M. Carmen Lobo
Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7335; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167335 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1110
Abstract
The EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan promotes the use of organic waste as fertilizer, thus allowing the recycling of nutrients in the agricultural system. Research on the agronomic reuse of composted substrates previously employed for mushroom cultivation remains limited, despite their rich content [...] Read more.
The EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan promotes the use of organic waste as fertilizer, thus allowing the recycling of nutrients in the agricultural system. Research on the agronomic reuse of composted substrates previously employed for mushroom cultivation remains limited, despite their rich content of plant residues and fungal biomass, which could be repurposed as soil amendments under suitable conditions. This study evaluated the agronomic potential of spent mushroom substrates from Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus, including recomposted A. bisporus residues. A range of analytical procedures was employed to assess their suitability for soil improvement and the formation of humic-like substances, including physical, chemical, microbiological, phytotoxicity, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses. The spent Pleurotus substrate exhibited low nutrient content (1.1% N, negligible P, 0.9% K), but high water retention (820 kg water Mg−1) and 48% organic carbon (OC), indicating its potential as a soil amendment or seedling substrate. In contrast, spent and composted Agaricus substrates showed moderate nutrient content (1.8–2.7% N; 0.8–0.7% P and 1.3–1.8% K), appropriate C/N ratios (10–15), and sufficient OC levels (24–30%), supporting their use as fertilizers. However, elevated salinity levels (18–23 dS m−1) may restrict their application for salt-sensitive crops. No significant phytotoxic effects on seed germination were observed, and microbiological analyses confirmed the absence of Salmonella spp. in the three substrates. Py-GC/MS revealed a humic acid-like fraction comprising altered lignin structures enriched with lipid and nitrogen compounds. Overall, the studied materials demonstrate promising agronomic value and the capacity to contribute to long-term soil carbon storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Resources and Sustainable Utilization)
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32 pages, 663 KB  
Review
Unraveling the Microbiome–Environmental Change Nexus to Contribute to a More Sustainable World: A Comprehensive Review of Artificial Intelligence Approaches
by Maria Inês Barbosa, Gabriel Silva, Pedro Ribeiro, Eduarda Vieira, André Perrotta, Patrícia Moreira and Pedro Miguel Rodrigues
Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7209; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167209 - 9 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1205
Abstract
This review aims to explore the literature to assess the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in environmental monitoring for predicting microbiome dynamics. Recognizing the significance of comprehending microorganism diversity, composition, and ecologically sustainable impact, the review emphasizes the importance of studying how microbiomes [...] Read more.
This review aims to explore the literature to assess the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in environmental monitoring for predicting microbiome dynamics. Recognizing the significance of comprehending microorganism diversity, composition, and ecologically sustainable impact, the review emphasizes the importance of studying how microbiomes respond to environmental changes to better grasp ecosystem dynamics. This bibliographic search examines how AI (Machine Learning and Deep Learning) approaches are employed to predict changes in microbial diversity and community composition in response to environmental and climate variables, as well as how shifts in the microbiome can, in turn, influence the environment. Our research identified a final sample of 50 papers that highlighted a prevailing concern for aquatic and terrestrial environments, particularly regarding soil health, productivity, and water contamination, and the use of specific microbial markers for detection rather than shotgun metagenomics. The integration of AI in environmental microbiome monitoring directly supports key sustainability goals through optimized resource management, enhanced bioremediation approaches, and early detection of ecosystem disturbances. This study investigates the challenges associated with interpreting the outputs of these algorithms and emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of microbial physiology and ecological contexts. The study highlights the advantages and disadvantages of different AI methods for predicting environmental microbiomes through a critical review of relevant research publications. Furthermore, it outlines future directions, including exploring uncharted territories and enhancing model interpretability. Full article
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33 pages, 8443 KB  
Article
Model for Planning and Optimization of Train Crew Rosters for Sustainable Railway Transport
by Zdenka Bulková, Juraj Čamaj and Jozef Gašparík
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 7069; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157069 - 4 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1307
Abstract
Efficient planning of train crew rosters is a key factor in ensuring operational reliability and promoting long-term sustainability in railway transport, both economically and socially. This article presents a systematic approach to developing a crew rostering model in passenger rail transport, with a [...] Read more.
Efficient planning of train crew rosters is a key factor in ensuring operational reliability and promoting long-term sustainability in railway transport, both economically and socially. This article presents a systematic approach to developing a crew rostering model in passenger rail transport, with a focus on the operational setting of the train crew depot in Česká Třebová, a city in the Czech Republic. The seven-step methodology includes identifying available train shifts, defining scheduling constraints, creating roster variants, and calculating personnel and time requirements for each option. The proposed roster reduced staffing needs by two employees, increased the average shift duration to 9 h and 42 min, and decreased non-productive time by 384 h annually. These improvements enhance sustainability by optimizing human resource use, lowering unnecessary energy consumption, and improving employees’ work–life balance. The model also provides a quantitative assessment of operational feasibility and economic efficiency. Compared to existing rosters, the proposed model offers clear advantages and remains applicable even in settings with limited technological support. The findings show that a well-designed rostering system can contribute not only to cost savings and personnel stabilization, but also to broader objectives in sustainable public transport, supporting resilient and resource-efficient rail operations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploratory Railway Track Structure, Railway Operation and Transport in Sustainable Development of Railway Systems)
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25 pages, 6464 KB  
Article
Eco-Friendly Sandwich Panels for Energy-Efficient Façades
by Susana P. B. Sousa, Helena C. Teixeira, Giorgia Autretto, Valeria Villamil Cárdenas, Stefano Fantucci, Fabio Favoino, Pamela Voigt, Mario Stelzmann, Robert Böhm, Gabriel Beltrán, Nicolás Escribano, Belén Hernández-Gascón, Matthias Tietze and Andreia Araújo
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6848; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156848 - 28 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1399
Abstract
To meet the European Green Deal targets, the construction sector must improve building thermal performance via advanced insulation systems. Eco-friendly sandwich panels offer a promising solution. Therefore, this work aims to develop and validate a new eco-friendly composite sandwich panel (basalt fibres and [...] Read more.
To meet the European Green Deal targets, the construction sector must improve building thermal performance via advanced insulation systems. Eco-friendly sandwich panels offer a promising solution. Therefore, this work aims to develop and validate a new eco-friendly composite sandwich panel (basalt fibres and recycled extruded polystyrene) with enhanced multifunctionality for lightweight and energy-efficient building façades. Two panels were produced via vacuum infusion—a reference panel and a multifunctional panel incorporating phase change materials (PCMs) and silica aerogels (AGs). Their performance was evaluated through lab-based thermal and acoustic tests, numerical simulations, and on-site monitoring in a living laboratory. The test results from all methods were consistent. The PCM-AG panel showed 16% lower periodic thermal transmittance (0.16 W/(m2K) vs. 0.19 W/(m2K)) and a 92% longer time shift (4.26 h vs. 2.22 h), indicating improved thermal inertia. It also achieved a single-number sound insulation rating of 38 dB. These findings confirm the panel’s potential to reduce operational energy demand and support long-term climate goals. Full article
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15 pages, 2865 KB  
Article
Mitigation of Alkali–Silica Reactivity of Greywacke Aggregate in Concrete for Sustainable Pavements
by Kinga Dziedzic, Aneta Brachaczek, Dominik Nowicki and Michał A. Glinicki
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6825; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156825 - 27 Jul 2025
Viewed by 761
Abstract
Quality requirements for mineral aggregate for concrete used to construct pavement for busy highways are high because of the fatigue traffic loads and environmental exposure. The use of local aggregate for infrastructure projects could result in important sustainability improvements, provided that the concrete’s [...] Read more.
Quality requirements for mineral aggregate for concrete used to construct pavement for busy highways are high because of the fatigue traffic loads and environmental exposure. The use of local aggregate for infrastructure projects could result in important sustainability improvements, provided that the concrete’s durability is assured. The objective of this study was to identify the potential alkaline reactivity of local greywacke aggregate and select appropriate mitigation measures against the alkali–silica reaction. Experimental tests on concrete specimens were performed using the miniature concrete prism test at 60 °C. Mixtures of coarse greywacke aggregate up to 12.5 mm with natural fine aggregate of different potential reactivity were evaluated in respect to the expansion, compressive strength, and elastic modulus of the concrete. Two preventive measures were studied—the use of metakaolin and slag-blended cement. A moderate reactivity potential of the greywacke aggregate was found, and the influence of reactive quartz sand on the expansion and instability of the mechanical properties of concrete was evaluated. Both crystalline and amorphous alkali–silica reaction products were detected in the cracks of the greywacke aggregate. Efficient expansion mitigation was obtained for the replacement of 15% of Portland cement by metakaolin or the use of CEM III/A cement with the slag content of 52%, even if greywacke aggregate was blended with moderately reactive quartz sand. It resulted in a relative reduction in expansion by 85–96%. The elastic modulus deterioration was less than 10%, confirming an increased stability of the elastic properties of concrete. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Pavement Engineering and Road Materials)
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26 pages, 3167 KB  
Article
Global Population, Carrying Capacity, and High-Quality, High-Pressure Processed Foods in the Industrial Revolution Era
by Agata Angelika Sojecka, Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska and Sylwester J. Rzoska
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6827; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156827 - 27 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1110
Abstract
The report examines food availability and demand in the Anthropocene era, exploring the connections between global population growth and carrying capacity through an extended version of Cohen’s Condorcet concept. It recalls the super-Malthus and Verhulst-type scalings, matched with the recently introduced analytic relative [...] Read more.
The report examines food availability and demand in the Anthropocene era, exploring the connections between global population growth and carrying capacity through an extended version of Cohen’s Condorcet concept. It recalls the super-Malthus and Verhulst-type scalings, matched with the recently introduced analytic relative growth rate. It focuses particularly on the ongoing Fifth Industrial Revolution (IR) and its interaction with the concept of a sustainable civilization. In this context, the significance of innovative food preservation technologies that can yield high-quality foods with health-promoting features, while simultaneously increasing food quantities and reducing adverse environmental impacts, is discussed. To achieve this, high-pressure preservation and processing (HPP) can play a dominant role. High-pressure ‘cold pasteurization’, related to room-temperature processing, has already achieved a global scale. Its superior features are notable and are fairly correlated with social expectations of a sustainable society and the technological tasks of the Fifth Industrial Revolution. The discussion is based on the authors’ experiences in HPP-related research and applications. The next breakthrough could be HPP-related sterilization. The innovative HPP path, supported by the colossal barocaloric effect, is presented. The mass implementation of pressure-related sterilization could lead to milestone societal, pro-health, environmental, and economic benefits. Full article
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20 pages, 892 KB  
Article
The Effect of Generator-Side Charges on Investment in Power Generation and Transmission Under Demand Uncertainty
by Hirotaka Hiraiwa, Kazuya Ito and Ryuta Takashima
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6824; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156824 - 27 Jul 2025
Viewed by 776
Abstract
Given the increases in renewable energy penetration, appropriately allocating transmission costs is important in generation and transmission investment decisions. This study examines how a generator-side transmission charge affects investment decisions by power generation companies (PC) and the transmission system operator (TSO) under two [...] Read more.
Given the increases in renewable energy penetration, appropriately allocating transmission costs is important in generation and transmission investment decisions. This study examines how a generator-side transmission charge affects investment decisions by power generation companies (PC) and the transmission system operator (TSO) under two frameworks differing in who decides investment timing. We compare two frameworks: (1) TSO determines investment timing and the PC determines capacity (TL framework); (2) PC determines investment timing and capacity (GL framework). We examine how variations in generator-side charges and demand uncertainty affect the optimal investment timing, capacity, and social surplus. Regarding investment timing, increases in the generator-side charge led to earlier investment in the TL framework but delayed investment in the GL framework. Concerning investment capacity, the TL framework yielded greater capacity with low uncertainty, while the GL framework supported greater capacity with high uncertainty. The magnitude of the relative social surplus of the two frameworks was reversed according to the generator-side charge and uncertainty. Specifically, the GL framework became increasingly superior to the TL framework as uncertainty increased, and this advantage was amplified by a higher generator-side charge. Policymakers should consider uncertainty and calibrate the level of generator-side charge and the allocation of decision-making authority. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy System: Efficiency and Cost of Renewable Energy)
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24 pages, 3226 KB  
Article
The Environmental Impacts of Façade Renovation: A Case Study of an Office Building
by Patrik Štompf, Rozália Vaňová and Stanislav Jochim
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6766; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156766 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1305
Abstract
Renovating existing buildings is a key strategy for achieving the EU’s climate targets, as over 75% of the current building stock is energy inefficient. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of three façade renovation scenarios for an office building at the Technical University [...] Read more.
Renovating existing buildings is a key strategy for achieving the EU’s climate targets, as over 75% of the current building stock is energy inefficient. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of three façade renovation scenarios for an office building at the Technical University in Zvolen (Slovakia) using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The aim is to quantify and compare these impacts based on material selection and its influence on sustainable construction. The analysis focuses on key environmental indicators, including global warming potential (GWP), abiotic depletion (ADE, ADF), ozone depletion (ODP), toxicity, acidification (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and primary energy use (PERT, PENRT). The scenarios vary in the use of insulation materials (glass wool, wood fibre, mineral wool), façade finishes (cladding vs. render), and window types (aluminium vs. wood–aluminium). Uncertainty analysis identified GWP, AP, and ODP as robust decision-making categories, while toxicity-related results showed lower reliability. To support integrated and transparent comparison, a composite environmental index (CEI) was developed, aggregating characterisation, normalisation, and mass-based results into a single score. Scenario C–2, featuring an ETICS system with mineral wool insulation and wood–aluminium windows, achieved the lowest environmental impact across all categories. In contrast, scenarios with traditional cladding and aluminium windows showed significantly higher impacts, particularly in fossil fuel use and ecotoxicity. The findings underscore the decisive role of material selection in sustainable renovation and the need for a multi-criteria, context-sensitive approach aligned with architectural, functional, and regional priorities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Architecture, Structural Design, and Environmental Engineering)
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20 pages, 5419 KB  
Article
The Analysis of Fire Protection for Selected Historical Buildings as a Part of Crisis Management: Slovak Case Study
by Jana Jaďuďová, Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Stanislava Gašpercová and David Řehák
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6743; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156743 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1114
Abstract
Historical buildings are exposed to an increased risk of fire. The direct influence comes from the buildings’ structural design and the fire protection level. The fundamental principle for reducing the loss of heritage value in historical buildings due to fire is fire protection, [...] Read more.
Historical buildings are exposed to an increased risk of fire. The direct influence comes from the buildings’ structural design and the fire protection level. The fundamental principle for reducing the loss of heritage value in historical buildings due to fire is fire protection, as part of crisis management. This article focuses on selected castle buildings from Slovakia. Three castle buildings were selected based on their location in the country. All of them are currently used for museum purposes. Using an analytical form, we assessed fire hazards and fire safety measures in two parts, calculated the fire risk index, and proposed solutions. Qualitative research, which is more suitable for the issue at hand, was used to evaluate the selected objects. The main methods used in the research focused on visual assessment of the current condition of the objects and analysis of fire documentation and its comparison with currently valid legal regulations. Based on the results, we can conclude that Kežmarok Castle (part of the historical city center) has a small fire risk (fire risk index = 13 points). Trenčín Castle (situated on a rock above the city) and Stará Ľubovňa Castle (situated on a limestone hill outside the city, surrounded by forest) have an increased risk of fire (fire risk index = 50–63). Significant risk sources identified included surrounding forest areas, technical failures related to outdated electrical installations, open flames during cultural events, the concentration of highly flammable materials, and complex evacuation routes for both people and museum collections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Techniques and Technologies in Crisis Management and Civil Protection)
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16 pages, 3068 KB  
Article
Hydrothermally Treated Cement Bypass Dust as a Supplementary Cementitious Material
by Rimvydas Kaminskas, Brigita Savickaite and Anatolijus Eisinas
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6757; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156757 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 635
Abstract
In this study, the possibility of using cement bypass dust as a cement additive was investigated. The utilization of cement bypass dust remains a major problem in cement production, as huge amounts of it are stored in landfills. In this study, a hydrothermal [...] Read more.
In this study, the possibility of using cement bypass dust as a cement additive was investigated. The utilization of cement bypass dust remains a major problem in cement production, as huge amounts of it are stored in landfills. In this study, a hydrothermal treatment is proposed to modify the properties of this dust and to expand its use. Hydrothermal treatment with pure bypass dust and quartz was carried out to achieve a CaO/SiO2 ratio of 1 to 2. Samples were synthesized at 200 °C for 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. To examine the influence of the hydrothermal treatment on cement properties, a sample with a CaO/SiO2 ratio of 1, hydrothermally treated for 8 h, was selected. This study employed XRD, XRF, DSC-TG, and isothermal calorimetry. Most of the target synthesis products, e.g., tobermorite and calcium silicate hydrates, formed after 8 h of sample synthesis, during which quartz was added to bypass dust and a CaO/SiO2 ratio of 1 was achieved. An examination of the composition of the liquid medium following hydrothermal processing showed that almost all chlorine passed into the liquid medium, while some K2O remained in the solid synthesis product. The synthesized additive is an effective catalyst for the hydration of Portland cement. After a 28-day curing period, specimens incorporating modified bypass dust replacing up to 10% of the Portland cement by weight demonstrated compressive strengths comparable to, or surpassing, those of specimens composed exclusively of Portland cement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Catalytic Processes in Chemical Engineering Towards Sustainable Processes and Circular Economy)
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35 pages, 1745 KB  
Article
Balanced Fertilization of Winter Wheat with Potassium and Magnesium—An Effective Way to Manage Fertilizer Nitrogen Sustainably
by Agnieszka Andrzejewska, Katarzyna Przygocka-Cyna and Witold Grzebisz
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6705; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156705 - 23 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1154
Abstract
In agricultural practice, in addition to determining the nitrogen (Nf) dose, it is necessary to effectively control its effect on currently grown crops. Meeting these conditions requires not only the use of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), but also nutrients such [...] Read more.
In agricultural practice, in addition to determining the nitrogen (Nf) dose, it is necessary to effectively control its effect on currently grown crops. Meeting these conditions requires not only the use of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), but also nutrients such as magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S). This hypothesis was verified in a single-factor field experiment with winter wheat (WW) carried out in the 2015/2016, 2016/2017, and 2017/2018 growing seasons. The experiment consisted of seven variants: absolute control (AC), NP, NPK-MOP (K as Muriate of Potash), NPK-MOP+Ki (Kieserite), NPK-KK (K as Korn–Kali), NPK-KK+Ki, and NPK-KK+Ki+ES (Epsom Salt). The use of K as MOP increased grain yield (GY) by 6.3% compared to NP. In the NPK-KK variant, GY was 13% (+0.84 t ha−1) higher compared to NP. Moreover, GYs in this fertilization variant (FV) were stable over the years (coefficient of variation, CV = 9.4%). In NPK-KK+Ki+ES, the yield increase was the highest and mounted to 17.2% compared to NP, but the variability over the years was also the highest (CV ≈ 20%). The amount of N in grain N (GN) increased progressively from 4% for NPK-MOP to 15% for NPK-KK and 25% for NPK-KK+Ki+ES in comparison to NP. The nitrogen harvest index was highly stable, achieving 72.6 ± 3.1%. All analyzed NUE indices showed a significant response to FVs. The PFP-Nf (partial factor productivity of Nf) indices increased on NPK-MOP by 5.8%, NPK-KK by 12.9%, and NPK-KK+Ki+ES by 17.9% compared to NP. The corresponding Nf recovery of Nf in wheat grain was 47.2%, 55.9%, and 64.4%, but its total recovery by wheat (grain + straw) was 67%, 74.5%, and 87.2%, respectively. In terms of the theoretical and practical value of the tested indexes, two indices, namely, NUP (nitrogen unit productivity) and NUA (nitrogen unit accumulation), proved to be the most useful. From the farmer’s production strategy, FV with K applied in the form of Korn–Kali proved to be the most stable option due to high and stable yield, regardless of weather conditions. The increase in the number of nutritional factors optimizing the action of nitrogen in winter wheat caused the phenomenon known as the “scissors effect”. This phenomenon manifested itself in a progressive increase in nitrogen unit productivity (NUP) combined with a regressive trend in unit nitrogen accumulation (NUA) in the grain versus the balance of soil available Mg (Mgb). The studies clearly showed that obtaining grain that met the milling requirements was recorded only for NUA above 22 kg N t−1 grain. This was possible only with the most intensive Mg treatment (NPK-KK+Ki and NPK-KK+Ki+ES). The study clearly showed that three of the six FVs fully met the three basic conditions for sustainable crop production: (i) stabilization and even an increase in grain yield; (ii) a decrease in the mass of inorganic N in the soil at harvest, potentially susceptible to leaching; and (iii) stabilization of the soil fertility of P, K, and Mg. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Cropping Systems)
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49 pages, 4131 KB  
Review
Municipal Solid Waste Gasification: Technologies, Process Parameters, and Sustainable Valorization of By-Products in a Circular Economy
by Nicoleta Ungureanu, Nicolae-Valentin Vlăduț, Sorin-Ștefan Biriș, Mariana Ionescu and Neluș-Evelin Gheorghiță
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6704; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156704 - 23 Jul 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4489
Abstract
Gasification of municipal solid waste and other biogenic residues (e.g., biomass and biowaste) is increasingly recognized as a promising thermochemical pathway for converting non-recyclable fractions into valuable energy carriers, with applications in electricity generation, district heating, hydrogen production, and synthetic fuels. This paper [...] Read more.
Gasification of municipal solid waste and other biogenic residues (e.g., biomass and biowaste) is increasingly recognized as a promising thermochemical pathway for converting non-recyclable fractions into valuable energy carriers, with applications in electricity generation, district heating, hydrogen production, and synthetic fuels. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of major gasification technologies, including fixed bed, fluidized bed, entrained flow, plasma, supercritical water, microwave-assisted, high-temperature steam, and rotary kiln systems. Key aspects such as feedstock compatibility, operating parameters, technology readiness level, and integration within circular economy frameworks are critically evaluated. A comparative assessment of incineration and pyrolysis highlights the environmental and energetic advantages of gasification. The valorization pathways for main product (syngas) and by-products (syngas, ash, tar, and biochar) are also explored, emphasizing their reuse in environmental, agricultural, and industrial applications. Despite progress, large-scale adoption in Europe is constrained by economic, legislative, and technical barriers. Future research should prioritize scaling emerging systems, optimizing by-product recovery, and improving integration with carbon capture and circular energy infrastructures. Supported by recent European policy frameworks, gasification is positioned to play a key role in sustainable waste-to-energy strategies, biomass valorization, and the transition to a low-emission economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Waste Process Engineering and Biomass Valorization)
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22 pages, 1326 KB  
Review
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Mechanisms and the Chemical Nature of Soil Organic Matter—A Review
by Gonzalo Almendros and José A. González-Pérez
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6689; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156689 - 22 Jul 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1916
Abstract
This article presents a review of several non-exclusive pathways for the sequestration of soil organic carbon, which can be classified into two large classical groups: the modification of plant and microbial macromolecules and the abiotic and microbial neoformation of humic substances. Classical studies [...] Read more.
This article presents a review of several non-exclusive pathways for the sequestration of soil organic carbon, which can be classified into two large classical groups: the modification of plant and microbial macromolecules and the abiotic and microbial neoformation of humic substances. Classical studies have established a causal relationship between aromatic structures and the stability of soil humus (traditional hypotheses regarding lignin and aromatic microbial metabolites as primary precursors for soil organic matter). However, further evidence has emerged that underscores the significance of humification mechanisms based solely on aliphatics. The precursors may be carbohydrates, which may be transformed by the effects of fire or catalytic dehydration reactions in soil. Furthermore, humic-type structures may be formed through the condensation of unsaturated fatty acids or the alteration of aliphatic biomacromolecules, such as cutins, suberins, and non-hydrolysable plant polyesters. In addition to the intrinsic value of understanding the potential for carbon sequestration in diverse soil types, biogeochemical models of the carbon cycle necessitate the assessment of the total quantity, nature, provenance, and resilience of the sequestered organic matter. This emphasises the necessity of applying specific techniques to gain insights into their molecular structures. The application of appropriate analytical techniques to soil organic matter, including sequential chemolysis or thermal degradation combined with isotopic analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometry, derivative spectroscopy (visible and infrared), or 13C magnetic resonance after selective degradation, enables the simultaneous assessment of the concurrent biophysicochemical stabilisation mechanisms of C in soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Soil Conservation and Sustainability)
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18 pages, 589 KB  
Article
Circular Model for the Valorization of Black Grape Pomace for Producing Pasteurized Red Must Enriched in Health-Promoting Phenolic Compounds
by Victoria Artem, Arina Oana Antoce, Elisabeta Irina Geana, Ancuta Nechita, Georgeta Tudor, Petronela Anca Onache and Aurora Ranca
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6633; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146633 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1034
Abstract
As compared to red wine technology, where pomace is macerated, the grape juices and musts are obtained by pressing the grapes and removing the pomace, thus removing an important source of antioxidant molecules. The objective of this study was to exploit the bioactive [...] Read more.
As compared to red wine technology, where pomace is macerated, the grape juices and musts are obtained by pressing the grapes and removing the pomace, thus removing an important source of antioxidant molecules. The objective of this study was to exploit the bioactive compounds from the black grape pomace and obtain a new food product, namely pasteurized red must with improved health-promoting properties. The study was conducted on four grape varieties for red wines—Fetească Neagră, Cabernet Sauvignon, Blauer Zweigelt, and Arcaș—each coming from a certain recognized Romanian vineyard, as follows: Murfatlar, Dealu Mare, Ștefănești-Argeș, and Iași, respectively. Both the must and the pomace extract used for each product were from the same variety and region. The recovery of polyphenols was achieved by macerating the pomace at ambient temperature, using solutions of ethanol in concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%. The results showed that the most efficient method of polyphenol recovery was obtained by using the ethanolic solution of 50%, which was selected for the subsequent stages of the study. The selected hydroalcoholic extract was concentrated by eliminating the solvent by roto evaporation and used as a source of supplementary bioactive compounds for the pasteurized must. The phenolic profiles of the musts enriched with phenolic extracts were determined by liquid chromatography, UHPLS-HRMS, revealing significant increases in the content of individual phenolic acids and other polyphenols. The phenolic extract recovered from the pomace significantly optimized the phenolic quality of the pasteurized must, thus contributing to the improvement of its nutritional value. The new product has a phenolic profile close to that of a red wine, but does not contain alcohol. Also, this technology is a sustainable method to convert grape waste into a safe, antioxidant-rich grape juice with potential health benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Research on Food Science and Food Technology)
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37 pages, 3892 KB  
Review
Sustainable Remediation Strategies and Technologies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)-Contaminated Soils: A Critical Review
by Rosario Napoli, Filippo Fazzino, Federico G. A. Vagliasindi and Pietro P. Falciglia
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6635; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146635 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 2980
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been reported to contaminate soil as a result of improper management of waste, wastewater, landfill leachate, biosolids, and a large and indiscriminate use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF), posing potential risks to human health. However, their high [...] Read more.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been reported to contaminate soil as a result of improper management of waste, wastewater, landfill leachate, biosolids, and a large and indiscriminate use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF), posing potential risks to human health. However, their high chemical and thermal stability pose a great challenge for remediation. As a result, there is an increasing interest in identifying and optimizing very effective and sustainable technologies for PFAS removal. This review summarizes both traditional and innovative remediation strategies and technologies for PFAS-contaminated soils. Unlike existing literature, which primarily focuses on the effectiveness of PFAS remediation, this review critically discusses several techniques (based on PFAS immobilization, mobilization and extraction, and destruction) with a deep focus on their sustainability and scalability. PFAS destruction technologies demonstrate the highest removal efficiencies; however, thermal treatments face sustainability challenges due to high energy demands and potential formation of harmful by-products, while mechanical treatments have rarely been explored at full scale. PFAS immobilization techniques are less costly than destruction methods, but issues related to the regeneration/disposal of spent sorbents should be still addressed and more long-term studies conducted. PFAS mobilization techniques such as soil washing/flushing are hindered by the generation of PFAS-laden wastewater requiring further treatments, while phytoremediation is limited to small- or medium-scale experiments. Finally, bioremediation would be the cheapest and least impactful alternative, though its efficacy remains uncertain and demonstrated under simplified lab-scale conditions. Future research should prioritize pilot- and full-scale studies under realistic conditions, alongside comprehensive assessments of environmental impacts and economic feasibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management and Remediation of Contaminated Sites 2nd Edition)
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34 pages, 24111 KB  
Article
Natural and Anthropic Constraints on Historical Morphological Dynamics in the Middle Stretch of the Po River (Northern Italy)
by Laura Turconi, Barbara Bono, Carlo Mambriani, Lucia Masotti, Fabio Stocchi and Fabio Luino
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6608; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146608 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1472
Abstract
Geo-historical information deduced from geo-iconographical resources, derived from extensive research and the selection of cartographies and historical documents, enabled the investigation of the natural and anthropic transformations of the perifluvial area of the Po River in the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy). This territory, significant [...] Read more.
Geo-historical information deduced from geo-iconographical resources, derived from extensive research and the selection of cartographies and historical documents, enabled the investigation of the natural and anthropic transformations of the perifluvial area of the Po River in the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy). This territory, significant in terms of its historical, cultural, and environmental contexts, for centuries has been the scene of flood events. These have characterised the morphological and dynamic variability in the riverbed and relative floodplain. The close relationship between man and river is well documented: the interference induced by anthropic activity has alternated with the sometimes-damaging effects of river dynamics. The attention given to the fluvial region of the Po River and its main tributaries, in a peculiar lowland sector near Parma, is critical for understanding spatial–temporal changes contributing to current geo-hydrological risks. A GIS project outlined the geomorphological aspects that define the considerable variations in the course of the Po River (involving width reductions of up to 66% and length changes of up to 14%) and its confluences from the 16th to the 21st century. Knowledge of anthropic modifications is essential as a tool within land-use planning and enhancing community awareness in risk-mitigation activities and strategic management. This study highlights the importance of interdisciplinary geo-historical studies that are complementary in order to decode river dynamics in damaging flood events and latent hazards in an altered river environment. Full article
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35 pages, 1200 KB  
Systematic Review
The Social Side of Biodiversity Loss: A Review of Individual, Collective, and Structural Drivers in Coastal Regions
by Alexander Yendell, Yvonne Jaeckel, Giulia Bär and Helene Lerch
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6547; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146547 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 2139
Abstract
This literature review investigates how social, cultural, political, and psychological factors contribute to biodiversity loss in coastal ecosystems. While biodiversity decline is often analyzed from ecological or economic perspectives, this review focuses on the societal dimensions that shape environmental attitudes and behaviors. Using [...] Read more.
This literature review investigates how social, cultural, political, and psychological factors contribute to biodiversity loss in coastal ecosystems. While biodiversity decline is often analyzed from ecological or economic perspectives, this review focuses on the societal dimensions that shape environmental attitudes and behaviors. Using a semi-structured approach, we searched Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed studies that address social influences on biodiversity, particularly in coastal contexts. Boolean logic and targeted keywords guided the selection, complemented by snowballing techniques to identify additional relevant literature. From over 600 initial results, 57 studies were included in the final synthesis. The literature spans diverse disciplines, including sociology, political science, environmental psychology, and cultural studies. Although many studies do not explicitly focus on coastal areas, they provide transferable insights into conservation-related behavior and structural drivers of biodiversity pressure. The review identifies thematic clusters and theoretical gaps, particularly regarding underexplored social variables and insufficient attention to multi-level dynamics. Our findings underline the need for stronger integration of societal dimensions into biodiversity research and policy, especially in coastal regions facing complex socio-ecological challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shifting Paradigms: Reimagining Human-Nature Relationships for Sustainable Biodiversity Conservation)
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25 pages, 4106 KB  
Article
Towards Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings: A Dynamic Simulation Framework for Analysing and Reducing Climate Change Impacts
by Camilla Lops, Valentina D’Agostino, Samantha Di Loreto and Sergio Montelpare
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6485; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146485 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1053
Abstract
This research presents a multi-scale framework designed for assessing the energy performance and climate vulnerability of three existing residential buildings in a small Central Italian municipality. By integrating dynamic energy simulations with high-resolution climate projections, the study investigated how the selected building typologies [...] Read more.
This research presents a multi-scale framework designed for assessing the energy performance and climate vulnerability of three existing residential buildings in a small Central Italian municipality. By integrating dynamic energy simulations with high-resolution climate projections, the study investigated how the selected building typologies responded to changing environmental conditions. Validation against Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) confirmed the framework’s robustness in accurately capturing energy consumption patterns and assessing retrofit potential. The results revealed a general reduction in heating demand accompanied by an increase in cooling requirements under future climate scenarios, with notable differences across building types. The reinforced concrete building showed greater sensitivity to rising temperatures, particularly in cooling demand, likely due to its lower thermal inertia. In contrast, masonry buildings achieved more substantial energy savings following retrofit interventions, reflecting their initially poorer thermal performance and outdated systems. Retrofit measures yielded significant energy reductions, especially in older masonry structures, with savings reaching up to 44%, underscoring the necessity of customised retrofit strategies. The validated methodology supports future wider applicability in regional energy planning and aligns with integrated initiatives aimed at balancing climate adaptation and cultural heritage preservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Sustainable Building Practices: State of the Art in Thermal Insulation Materials, Energy Efficiency, and Technological Innovations)
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21 pages, 3142 KB  
Article
Influence of Biosurfactants on the Efficiency of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Biodegradation in Soil
by Katarzyna Wojtowicz, Teresa Steliga, Tomasz Skalski and Piotr Kapusta
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6520; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146520 - 16 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1193
Abstract
Soil contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons is a serious environmental issue, necessitating the development of effective and environmentally friendly remediation methods that align with the principles of sustainable development. This study investigated the impact of selected biosurfactants on the efficiency of the biodegradation of [...] Read more.
Soil contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons is a serious environmental issue, necessitating the development of effective and environmentally friendly remediation methods that align with the principles of sustainable development. This study investigated the impact of selected biosurfactants on the efficiency of the biodegradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil. Six biosurfactants—poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), rhamnolipid, surfactin, a mixture of γ-PGA, rhamnolipids, and surfactin (PSR), as well as two commercial formulations (JBR 425 and JBR 320)—were evaluated in combination with a bacterial consortium. Biodegradation experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions for a 90-day period. The effectiveness of the tested biosurfactants was assessed using respirometric analysis, the chromatographic determination of the residual hydrocarbon content, and toxicity assays. The results showed that the application of a bacterial consortium enriched with a mixture of biosurfactants PSR (a biosurfactant concentration in the inoculating mixture: 5 g/dm3) was the most effective approach, resulting in an oxygen uptake of 5164.8 mgO2/dm3 after 90 days, with TPH and PAH degradation rates of 77.3% and 70.32%, respectively. Phytotoxicity values decreased significantly, with TU values ranging from 6.32 to 4.62 (growth inhibition) and 3.77 to 4.13 (germination). Toxicity also decreased in the ostracodtoxkit test (TU = 4.35) and the Microtox SPT test (TU = 4.91). Among the tested biosurfactants, surfactin showed the least improvement in its bioremediation efficiency. Under the same concentration as in the PSR mixture, the oxygen uptake was 3446.7 mgO2/dm3, with TPH and PAH degradation rates of 60.64% and 52.64%, respectively. In the system inoculated with the bacterial consortium alone (without biosurfactants), the biodegradation efficiency reached 44.35% for TPH and 36.97% for PAHs. The results demonstrate that biosurfactants can significantly enhance the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil, supporting their potential application in sustainable bioremediation strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Microbial Innovations in Solid Waste Transformation and Soil Rejuvenation)
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23 pages, 998 KB  
Article
Farm Greenhouse Gas Emissions as a Determinant of Sustainable Development in Agriculture—Methodological and Practical Approach
by Konrad Prandecki and Wioletta Wrzaszcz
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6452; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146452 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1245
Abstract
Climate change is one of the most important environmental problems of the modern world. Without an effective solution to this problem, it is not possible to implement sustainable development. For this reason, in the European development strategies, including the European Green Deal (EGD), [...] Read more.
Climate change is one of the most important environmental problems of the modern world. Without an effective solution to this problem, it is not possible to implement sustainable development. For this reason, in the European development strategies, including the European Green Deal (EGD), the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one of the priorities. This also applies to sectoral strategies, including those related to agriculture. In this context, the monitoring of changes in GHG emissions becomes particularly important, and its key condition is an applicative estimation method, adapted to the available data and levels of assessment (globally, country, sector, economic unit). GHG emission calculations at the level of the agricultural sector are officially estimated by the state and non-governmental organisations. However, calculations at the level of the agricultural unit-farm remain a challenge due to the lack of detailed data or its incomplete scope to estimate GHG emissions. The other issue is the necessity of a representative data nature, taking into consideration the different profiles of various farms. The research focused on presenting a methodological approach to utilising FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) data for estimating GHG emissions at the farm level. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology was adopted to use available farm-level data. Some assumptions were needed to achieve this goal. The article presents the subsequent stages of GHG calculation using the FADN data. The results reveal significant differences in GHG emissions among farm types. The presented results indicated the primary sources of emissions from agriculture, including energy (e.g., fuel and electricity consumption), thus outlining the scope of action that should be taken to reduce emissions effectively. The study confirms that the method used helps estimate emissions at the farm level. Its application can lead to better targeting of climate policy in agriculture. Full article
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28 pages, 2304 KB  
Review
Developing a Standardized Materials Passport Framework to Unlock the Full Circular Potential in the Construction Industry
by Helapura Nuwanshi Yasodara Senarathne, Nilmini Pradeepika Weerasinghe and Guomin Zhang
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6337; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146337 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 2430
Abstract
Addressing resource depletion and minimizing construction waste requires closing the material loop through circular economy practices. However, the lack of comprehensive material information remains a significant barrier. The materials passport (MP) has become an essential tool for documenting material properties and dynamically updating [...] Read more.
Addressing resource depletion and minimizing construction waste requires closing the material loop through circular economy practices. However, the lack of comprehensive material information remains a significant barrier. The materials passport (MP) has become an essential tool for documenting material properties and dynamically updating information throughout its lifecycle. Despite recent advancements, existing MP frameworks remain static and lack a holistic approach, limiting their effectiveness in assessing material quality and supporting high-value recovery and reuse. As a result, the industry remains reluctant to adopt secondary materials due to concerns about their performance and quality in structural applications where assurance of reliability is essential. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap by (1) defining the conceptual boundary of the MP framework by examining current MP practices, key functions, and existing limitations and (2) developing a standardized framework using concrete as demonstration material. An extensive literature review was conducted to define the conceptual boundary. Literature and relevant standards were reviewed to identify essential attributes. The study identified three core MP functions, including material tracking and management, circularity assessment, and sustainability assessment, while proposing an additional function of quality assessment. These four functions collectively informed the development of a unique standardized and holistic MP framework. Thus, this study contributes by enabling practitioners to make quality-based, data-driven decisions that support the effective secondary use of materials. Full article
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21 pages, 3022 KB  
Article
Machine Learning Prediction of Urban Heat Island Severity in the Midwestern United States
by Ali Mansouri and Abdolmajid Erfani
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6193; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136193 - 6 Jul 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2668
Abstract
Rapid population growth and urbanization have greatly impacted the environment, causing a sharp rise in city temperatures—a phenomenon known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. While previous research has extensively examined the influence of land use characteristics on urban heat islands, their [...] Read more.
Rapid population growth and urbanization have greatly impacted the environment, causing a sharp rise in city temperatures—a phenomenon known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. While previous research has extensively examined the influence of land use characteristics on urban heat islands, their impact on community demographics and UHI severity remains unexplored. Moreover, most previous studies have focused on specific locations, resulting in relatively homogeneous environmental data and limiting understanding of variations across different areas. To address this gap, this paper develops ensemble learning models to predict UHI severity based on demographic, meteorological, and land use/land cover factors in Midwestern United States. Analyzing over 11,000 data points from urban census tracts across more than 12 states in the Midwestern United States, this study developed Random Forest and XGBoost classifiers achieving weighted F1-scores up to 0.76 and excellent discriminatory power (ROC-AUC > 0.90). Feature importance analysis, supported by a detailed SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) interpretation, revealed that the difference in vegetation between urban and rural areas (DelNDVI_summer) and imperviousness were the most critical predictors of UHI severity. This work provides a robust, large-scale predictive tool that helps urban planners and policymakers identify key UHI drivers and develop targeted mitigation strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
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26 pages, 11031 KB  
Article
Energy and Sustainability Impacts of U.S. Buildings Under Future Climate Scenarios
by Mehdi Ghiai and Sepideh Niknia
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6179; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136179 - 5 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1084
Abstract
Projected changes in outdoor environmental conditions are expected to significantly alter building energy demand across the United States. Yet, policymakers and designers lack typology and climate-zone-specific guidance to support long-term planning. We simulated 10 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) prototype buildings across all [...] Read more.
Projected changes in outdoor environmental conditions are expected to significantly alter building energy demand across the United States. Yet, policymakers and designers lack typology and climate-zone-specific guidance to support long-term planning. We simulated 10 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) prototype buildings across all 16 ASHRAE climate zones with EnergyPlus. Future weather files generated in Meteonorm from a CMIP6 ensemble reflected two emissions pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) and two planning horizons (2050 and 2080), producing 800 simulations. Envelope parameters and schedules were held at DOE reference values to isolate the pure climate signal. Results show that cooling energy use intensity (EUI) in very hot-humid Zones 1A–2A climbs by 12% for full-service restaurants and 21% for medium offices by 2080 under RCP 8.5, while heating EUI in sub-arctic Zone 8 falls by 14–20%. Hospitals and large hotels change by < 6%, showing resilience linked to high internal gains. A simple linear-regression meta-model (R2 > 0.90) links baseline EUI to future percentage change, enabling rapid screening of vulnerable stock without further simulation. These high-resolution maps supply actionable targets for state code updates, retrofit prioritization, and long-term decarbonization planning to support climate adaptation and sustainable development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Designing Net-Zero Energy Buildings for a Greener Future in Sustainable Architecture)
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17 pages, 671 KB  
Review
Riverscape Nature-Based Solutions and River Restoration: Common Points and Differences
by Costanza Carbonari and Luca Solari
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6108; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136108 - 3 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1709
Abstract
River restoration and nature-based solutions pertaining to the riverscape are measures frequently confused, but indeed they are not identical; they present both differences and common points, and only in some cases and following precise criteria, interventions can be considered both restoration and Nature-based [...] Read more.
River restoration and nature-based solutions pertaining to the riverscape are measures frequently confused, but indeed they are not identical; they present both differences and common points, and only in some cases and following precise criteria, interventions can be considered both restoration and Nature-based Solution (NbS) projects. In other words, there is an intersection between the two concepts, both in a theoretical framework and in practical applications. The understanding of their distinctions and common points is important because it affects the objectives and implementation of measures, complying with a wide spectrum of relative importance of ecological goals and ecosystem services delivery, different critical issues for effective implementation, and different spatial scales. We provide a theoretical analysis of some simple criteria to identify interventions as riverscape NbS, river restoration measures, or both. We illustrate these ideas by means of three case studies of projects carried out in different European riverine environments: the real-world cases exemplify, respectively, pure river restoration projects, mere riverscape NbS, and finally, interventions representing both NbS and ecosystem restoration. These examples allow us to clearly show measures with a small number of goals, even a single one, and, on the other hand, multipurpose measures. We also illustrate the prioritization of objectives and their implications in planning and design, implementation phases, and stakeholders’ involvement. Particular attention is devoted to effective monitoring and assessment, considering that the quantitative evaluation of measures’ impacts is a difficult and resource-demanding task. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)
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23 pages, 4607 KB  
Article
Threshold Soil Moisture Levels Influence Soil CO2 Emissions: A Machine Learning Approach to Predict Short-Term Soil CO2 Emissions from Climate-Smart Fields
by Anoop Valiya Veettil, Atikur Rahman, Ripendra Awal, Ali Fares, Timothy R. Green, Binita Thapa and Almoutaz Elhassan
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6101; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136101 - 3 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1207
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) models are widely used to analyze the spatiotemporal impacts of agricultural practices on environmental sustainability, including the contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Management practices, such as organic amendment applications, are critical pillars of Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) strategies that [...] Read more.
Machine learning (ML) models are widely used to analyze the spatiotemporal impacts of agricultural practices on environmental sustainability, including the contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Management practices, such as organic amendment applications, are critical pillars of Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) strategies that mitigate GHG emissions while maintaining adequate crop yields. This study investigated the critical threshold of soil moisture level associated with soil CO2 emissions from organically amended plots using the classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm. Also, the study predicted the short-term soil CO2 emissions from organically amended systems using soil moisture and weather variables (i.e., air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation) using multilinear regression (MLR) and generalized additive models (GAMs). The different organic amendments considered in this study are biochar (2268 and 4536 kg ha−1) and chicken and dairy manure (0, 224, and 448 kg N/ha) under a sweet corn crop in the greater Houston area, Texas. The results of the CART analysis indicated a direct link between soil moisture level and the magnitude of CO2 flux emission from the amended plots. A threshold of 0.103 m3m−3 was calculated for treatment amended by biochar level I (2268 kg ha−1) and chicken manure at the N recommended rate (CXBX), indicating that if the soil moisture is less than the 0.103 m3m−3 threshold, then the median soil CO2 emission is 142 kg ha−1 d−1. Furthermore, applying biochar at a rate of 4536 kg ha−1 reduced the soil CO2 emissions by 14.5% compared to the control plots. Additionally, the results demonstrate that GAMs outperformed MLR, exhibiting the highest performance under the combined effect of chicken and biochar. We conclude that quantifying soil moisture thresholds will provide valuable information for the sustainable mitigation of soil CO2 emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agricultural Engineering: Agroecology Sustainable Development and Agriculture Environmental Impact Assessment and Measurement)
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25 pages, 5796 KB  
Article
Enhancing Sustainability and Functionality with Recycled Materials in Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing
by Nida Naveed, Muhammad Naveed Anwar, Mark Armstrong, Furqan Ahmad, Mir Irfan Ul Haq and Glenn Ridley
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6105; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136105 - 3 Jul 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1259
Abstract
This study presents a novel multi-material additive manufacturing (MMAM) strategy by combining virgin polylactic acid (vPLA) with recycled polylactic acid (rPLA) in a layered configuration to improve both performance and sustainability. Specimens were produced using fused deposition modelling (FDM) with various vPLA: rPLA [...] Read more.
This study presents a novel multi-material additive manufacturing (MMAM) strategy by combining virgin polylactic acid (vPLA) with recycled polylactic acid (rPLA) in a layered configuration to improve both performance and sustainability. Specimens were produced using fused deposition modelling (FDM) with various vPLA: rPLA ratios (33:67, 50:50, and 67:33) and two distinct layering approaches: one with vPLA forming the external layers and rPLA as the core, and a second using the reversed arrangement. Mechanical testing revealed that when vPLA is used as the exterior, printed components exhibit tensile strength and elongation improvements of 10–25% over conventional single-material prints, while the tensile modulus is largely influenced by the distribution of the two materials. Thermal analysis shows that both vPLA and rPLA begin to degrade at approximately 330 °C; however, rPLA demonstrates a higher end-of-degradation temperature (461.7 °C) and increased residue at elevated temperatures, suggesting improved thermal stability due to enhanced crystallinity. Full-field strain mapping, corroborated by digital microscopy (DM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealed that vPLA-rich regions display more uniform interlayer adhesion with minimal voids or microcracks, whereas rPLA-dominated areas exhibit greater porosity and a higher propensity for brittle failure. These findings highlight the role of optimal material placement in mitigating the inherent deficiencies of recycled polymers. The integrated approach of combining microstructural assessments with full-field strain mapping provides a comprehensive view of interlayer bonding and underlying failure mechanisms. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that both layer placement and material ratio have a significant influence on performance, with high effect sizes highlighting the sensitivity of mechanical properties to these parameters. In addition to demonstrating improvements in mechanical and thermal properties, this work addresses a significant gap in the literature by evaluating the combined effect of vPLA and rPLA in a multi-material configuration. The results emphasise that strategic material distribution can effectively counteract some of the limitations typically associated with recycled polymers, while also contributing to reduced dependence on virgin materials. These outcomes support broader sustainability objectives by enhancing energy efficiency and promoting a circular economy within additive manufacturing (AM). Overall, the study establishes a robust foundation for industrial-scale implementations, paving the way for future innovations in eco-efficient FDM processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing for Multifunctional Applications and Sustainability)
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64 pages, 1174 KB  
Article
Integrating Hydrogen into Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review
by Javier Barba, Miguel Cañas-Carretón, Miguel Carrión, Gabriel R. Hernández-Labrado, Carlos Merino, José Ignacio Muñoz and Rafael Zárate-Miñano
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6117; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136117 - 3 Jul 2025
Viewed by 4349
Abstract
Hydrogen is widely recognized as a versatile energy carrier with significant potential to support the decarbonization of the power, transport, and industrial sectors. This paper analyzes the integration of hydrogen into power systems and offers an overview of the operation of electrolyzers and [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is widely recognized as a versatile energy carrier with significant potential to support the decarbonization of the power, transport, and industrial sectors. This paper analyzes the integration of hydrogen into power systems and offers an overview of the operation of electrolyzers and fuel cells for readers with limited background in these technologies. Applications of hydrogen beyond the scope of power systems are not considered. Then, this paper explores the mathematical modeling of hydrogen-related technologies, including electrolyzers and fuel cells, to assess their impact on hydrogen production and electricity generation. The paper also reviews recent developments in electricity storage through power-to-gas systems and examines planning models for integrating hydrogen into power systems. Furthermore, the role of hydrogen facilities in power system operations is analyzed in depth. The integration of hydrogen vehicles into power grids is also discussed, emphasizing their diverse applications. Additionally, the paper examines the production of ammonia, which can be used as a fuel for electricity generation. Finally, the most important conclusions of the literature review are summarized, offering an overview of the main findings and identified research gaps. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Hydrogen in Future Renewable Power Systems)
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49 pages, 6371 KB  
Review
The Role of Sustainable Lithium Processing in Renewable Energy Development: A Comprehensive Review and the Potential of Kazakhstan Deposits
by Daulet Sagzhanov, Labone L. Godirilwe, Batnasan Altansukh, Yasushi Takasaki and Atsushi Shibayama
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5903; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135903 - 26 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2018
Abstract
Lithium, a critical element for clean energy and modern technologies, plays an indispensable role in advancing renewable energy storage, electric vehicles, and high-tech industries. The rapidly growing demand for lithium, along with its limited global production, has led to concerns about the sustainability [...] Read more.
Lithium, a critical element for clean energy and modern technologies, plays an indispensable role in advancing renewable energy storage, electric vehicles, and high-tech industries. The rapidly growing demand for lithium, along with its limited global production, has led to concerns about the sustainability of current extraction and processing technologies for efficient lithium recovery. This comprehensive review explores global trends in lithium processing, focusing on spodumene beneficiation and extraction techniques. While highlighting well-established conventional processes, such as dense media separation (DMS), flotation, high-temperature roasting, and acid or alkali treatment, it underscores the environmental and economic challenges of these processes, particularly when applied to low-grade lithium ores, which are increasingly being targeted to meet lithium demand. Innovative methods, such as microwave irradiation, are also explored for their potential to improve process efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and minimize environmental impact, offering promising pathways to overcome the limitations of traditional lithium recovery techniques. A significant contribution of this review is its focus on the largely untapped lithium resources of Kazakhstan, presenting geological insights and the potential for sustainable development. By addressing knowledge gaps and integrating technological, eco-friendly, and regional development perspectives, this study provides valuable insights for advancing lithium processing toward more sustainable and circular practices aligned with global climate and resource efficiency goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)
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23 pages, 2502 KB  
Review
Bridging Sustainability and Performance: Conceptualizing Net-Zero Integration in Construction Supply Chain Evaluations
by Isuru Hettiarachchi, James Olabode Bamidele Rotimi, Wajiha Mohsin Shahzad and Ravindu Kahandawa
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5814; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135814 - 24 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1255
Abstract
The construction industry is a major contributor to global carbon emissions, highlighting the need to align material supply chains with net-zero targets. Evaluating supply chain performance is essential for reducing emissions, enhancing resource efficiency, and supporting sustainable decision-making. However, there is a lack [...] Read more.
The construction industry is a major contributor to global carbon emissions, highlighting the need to align material supply chains with net-zero targets. Evaluating supply chain performance is essential for reducing emissions, enhancing resource efficiency, and supporting sustainable decision-making. However, there is a lack of comprehensive frameworks that integrate net-zero objectives into construction material supply chain evaluation. This study aims to develop a conceptual framework that embeds net-zero principles into supply chain performance evaluation within the construction sector. A systematic literature review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines, covering 54 peer-reviewed articles published between 2016 and 2025. The review identifies key supply chain decarbonization performance indicators, tools, challenges, enablers, and improvement opportunities. The findings reveal the growing use of life cycle thinking, carbon accounting, and digitalization, shaped by policy, data access, technological readiness, and stakeholder coordination. The resulting framework integrates these factors to guide a structured, net-zero-aligned supply chain. This study contributes a novel and practical framework that addresses a critical gap by bridging digital tools, decarbonization metrics, and policy or organizational considerations. It offers theoretical insights and actionable guidance for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers pursuing climate-aligned construction supply chains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circularity, Innovation, and Optimisation in Sustainable Supply Chains)
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24 pages, 1893 KB  
Article
Scoring and Ranking Methods for Evaluating the Techno-Economic Competitiveness of Hydrogen Production Technologies
by Yehia F. Khalil
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5770; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135770 - 23 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1281
Abstract
This research evaluates four hydrogen (H2) production technologies via water electrolysis (WE): alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEME), anion exchange membrane electrolysis (AEME), and solid oxide electrolysis (SOE). Two scoring and ranking methods, the MACBETH method and the [...] Read more.
This research evaluates four hydrogen (H2) production technologies via water electrolysis (WE): alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEME), anion exchange membrane electrolysis (AEME), and solid oxide electrolysis (SOE). Two scoring and ranking methods, the MACBETH method and the Pugh decision matrix, are utilized for this evaluation. The scoring process employs nine decision criteria: capital expenditure (CAPEX), operating expenditure (OPEX), operating efficiency (SOE), startup time (SuT), environmental impact (EI), technology readiness level (TRL), maintenance requirements (MRs), supply chain challenges (SCCs), and levelized cost of H2 (LCOH). The MACBETH method involves pairwise technology comparisons for each decision criterion using seven qualitative judgment categories, which are converted into quantitative scores via M-MACBETH software (Version 3.2.0). The Pugh decision matrix benchmarks WE technologies using a baseline technology—SMR with CCS—and a three-point scoring scale (0 for the baseline, +1 for better, −1 for worse). Results from both methods indicate AWE as the leading H2 production technology, which is followed by AEME, PEME, and SOE. AWE excels due to its lowest CAPEX and OPEX, highest TRL, and optimal operational efficiency (at ≈7 bars of pressure), which minimizes LCOH. AEME demonstrates balanced performance across the criteria. While PEME shows advantages in some areas, it requires improvements in others. SOE has the most areas needing enhancement. These insights can direct future R&D efforts toward the most promising H2 production technologies to achieve the net-zero goal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transitioning to Sustainable Energy: Opportunities and Challenges)
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22 pages, 3738 KB  
Article
Field Experiments of Mineral Deposition by Cathodic Polarization as a Sustainable Management Strategy for the Reuse of Marine Steel Structures
by Tiziano Bellezze, Giuseppina Colaleo, Pasquale Contestabile, Pietro Forcellese, Simone Ranieri, Nicola Simoncini, Gianni Barucca, Cinzia Corinaldesi, Fabio Conversano, Oriano Francescangeli, Luigi Montalto, Michela Pisani, Simona Sabbatini, Francesco Vita, Diego Vicinanza and Antonio Dell’Anno
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5720; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135720 - 21 Jun 2025
Viewed by 3005
Abstract
This paper presents field experiments of mineral deposition on steel, induced by cathodic polarization in natural seawater, as a sustainable strategy for the life extension of marine steel structures. Although this approach is quite well known, the ability of the mineral deposit to [...] Read more.
This paper presents field experiments of mineral deposition on steel, induced by cathodic polarization in natural seawater, as a sustainable strategy for the life extension of marine steel structures. Although this approach is quite well known, the ability of the mineral deposit to both protect steel from corrosion in the absence of a cathodic current, thus operating as an inorganic coating, and provide an effective substrate for colonization by microorganisms still needs to be fully explained. To this end, two identical steel structure prototypes were installed at a depth of 20 m: one was submitted to cathodic polarization, while the other was left under free corrosion for comparison. After 6 months, the current supplied to the electrified structure was interrupted. A multidisciplinary approach was used to analyze the deposits on steel round bars installed in the prototypes over time, in the presence and in the absence of a cathodic current. Different investigation techniques were employed to provide the following information on the deposit: the composition in terms of elements, compounds and macro-biofouling; the morphology; the thickness and the degree of protection estimated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that under cathodic polarization, the thickness of the deposit increased to 2.5 mm and then remained almost constant after the current was interrupted. Conversely, the surface impedance decreased from 3 kΩ cm2 to about 1.5 kΩ cm2 at the same time, and the aragonite–brucite ratio also decreased. This indicates a deterioration in the protection performance and soundness of the deposit, respectively. Considering the trends in thickness and impedance together, it can be concluded that the preformed mineral deposit does not undergo generalized deterioration after current interruption, which would result in a reduction in thickness, but rather localized degradation. This phenomenon was attributed to the burrowing action of marine organisms, which created porosities and/or capillary pathways through the deposit. Therefore, the corrosion protection offered by the mineral deposit without a cathodic current is insufficient because it loses its protective properties. However, the necessary current can be quite limited in the presence of the deposit, which in any case provides a suitable substrate for sustaining the colonization and growth of sessile marine organisms, thus promoting biodiversity. Full article
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31 pages, 7861 KB  
Article
Improving Sustainable Viticulture in Developing Countries: A Case Study
by Zandra Betzabe Rivera Chavez, Alessia Porcaro, Marco Claudio De Simone and Domenico Guida
Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5338; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125338 - 9 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1909
Abstract
This paper presents the identification of the functional requirements and development of a preliminary concept of the AgriRover, a low-cost, modular autonomous vehicle intended to support sustainable practices in traditional vineyards in developing countries, focusing on the Ica region of Peru. Viticulture in [...] Read more.
This paper presents the identification of the functional requirements and development of a preliminary concept of the AgriRover, a low-cost, modular autonomous vehicle intended to support sustainable practices in traditional vineyards in developing countries, focusing on the Ica region of Peru. Viticulture in this region faces acute challenges such as soil salinity, climate variability, labour shortages, and low technological readiness. Rather than offering a ready-made technological integration, this study adopts a step-by-step design approach grounded in the realities of smallholder farmers. The authors mapped the phenological stages of grapevines using the BBCH scale and systematically reviewed available sensing and monitoring technologies to determine the most context-appropriate solutions. Virtual modelling and preliminary analysis validate AgriRover’s geometric configuration and path-following capabilities within narrow vineyard rows. The proposed platform is meant to be adaptable, scalable, and maintainable using locally available material and human resources. AgriRover offers a practical and affordable foundation for precision agriculture in resource-constrained settings by aligning viticultural challenges with sensor deployment strategies and sustainability criteria. The sustainability analysis of the initial AgriRover concept was evaluated using the CML methodology, accounting for local waste processing rates and energy mixes to reflect environmental realities in Peru. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)
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22 pages, 989 KB  
Article
Assessing the Saudi and Middle East Green Initiatives: The Role of Environmental Governance, Renewable Energy Transition, and Innovation in Achieving a Regional Green Future
by Osama Ali Mohamed Elkebti and Wagdi M. S. Khalifa
Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5307; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125307 - 8 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2296
Abstract
The transition to sustainable, innovation-driven economies has become a global imperative, particularly for resource-dependent regions like the Middle East, where environmental challenges, fossil fuel reliance, and economic diversification pressures intersect. In this context, green innovation plays a pivotal role in mitigating environmental degradation [...] Read more.
The transition to sustainable, innovation-driven economies has become a global imperative, particularly for resource-dependent regions like the Middle East, where environmental challenges, fossil fuel reliance, and economic diversification pressures intersect. In this context, green innovation plays a pivotal role in mitigating environmental degradation while supporting long-term economic growth. This study examines the short-term and long-term drivers of green innovation across 13 Middle Eastern countries from 1990 to 2023, with a focus on environmental governance, environmental pollution, economic growth, and natural resource abundance. Using a balanced panel dataset, this study applies Frees, Friedman, and Pesaran CSD tests to address cross-sectional dependency and second-generation unit root tests for data stationarity. Both first- and second-generation cointegration tests confirm long-run relationships among variables. The empirical analysis employs the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model, alongside Pooled Mean Group (PMG-ARDL), Average Mean Group (AMG), and Common Correlated Effects CCEMG estimators, ensuring robustness. The findings indicate that, in the long term, environmental governance, economic growth, population size, and natural resource abundance significantly promote green innovation, with respective coefficients of 0.3, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.4. Conversely, human development and environmental pollution exert a negative influence on green innovation, particularly over the long term. These results suggest that, while economic and governance factors drive innovation, human capital development may prioritize immediate growth over sustainability, and pollution may hinder long-term innovation. Enhancing environmental governance, accelerating renewables, using strategic resource revenue for green projects, integrating green growth, and regional collaboration can position Middle Eastern economies as green innovation leaders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Economics in Sustainable Social Policy Development)
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30 pages, 3379 KB  
Article
Greening of Inland and Coastal Ships in Europe by Means of Retrofitting: State of the Art and Scenarios
by Igor Bačkalov, Friederike Dahlke-Wallat, Elimar Frank, Benjamin Friedhoff, Alex Grasman, Justin Jasa, Niels Kreukniet, Martin Quispel and Florin Thalmann
Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5154; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115154 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1260
Abstract
This paper analyzes the potential of retrofitting in “greening” of European inland vessels and coastal ships, which are normally not the focus of major international environmental policies aimed at waterborne transport. Therefore, greening of the examined fleets would result, for the most part, [...] Read more.
This paper analyzes the potential of retrofitting in “greening” of European inland vessels and coastal ships, which are normally not the focus of major international environmental policies aimed at waterborne transport. Therefore, greening of the examined fleets would result, for the most part, in additional emission reductions to the environmental targets put forth by the International Maritime Organization. By scoping past and ongoing pilot projects, the most prominent retrofit trends in the greening of inland and coastal ships are identified. Assuming a scenario in which the observed trends are scaled up to the fleet level, the possible emission abatement is estimated (both on the tank-to-wake and well-to-wake bases), as well as the capital and operational costs associated with the retrofit. Therefore, the paper shows what can be achieved in terms of greening if the current trends are followed. The results show that the term “greening” may take a significantly different meaning contingent on the approaches, perspectives, and targets considered. The total costs of a retrofit of a single vessel may be excessively high; however, the costs may significantly vary depending on the vessel power requirements, operational profile, and technology applied. While some trends are worth following (electrification of ferries and small inland passenger ships), others may be too cost-intensive and not satisfactorily efficient in terms of emissions reduction (retrofit of offshore supply vessels with dual-fuel methanol engines). Nevertheless, the assessment of different retrofit technologies strongly depends on the adopted criteria, including but not limited to the total cost of the retrofit of the entire fleet segment, cost of the retrofit of a single vessel, emission abatement achieved by the retrofit of a fleet segment, average emission abatement per retrofitted vessel, and cost of abatement of one ton of greenhouse gases, etc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Marine Engineering and Efficient Marine Transportation of Energy)
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19 pages, 2349 KB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of CO2 Emissions and Transport Efficiency in 174k CBM LNG Carriers with X-DF and ME-GI Propulsion
by Aleksandar Vorkapić, Martin Juretić and Radoslav Radonja
Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5140; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115140 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1299
Abstract
This study investigates the environmental and operational performance of X-DF and ME-GI propulsion systems in large LNG carriers, focusing on key emission and transport efficiency metrics—CO2, the EEOI, and the CII—and their relationship with operational factors such as shaft power, vessel [...] Read more.
This study investigates the environmental and operational performance of X-DF and ME-GI propulsion systems in large LNG carriers, focusing on key emission and transport efficiency metrics—CO2, the EEOI, and the CII—and their relationship with operational factors such as shaft power, vessel speed, propeller slip, and specific fuel oil consumption. Statistical methods including correlation analysis, regression modeling, outlier detection, and clustering are employed to evaluate engine behavior across the ship’s fuel gas steaming envelope and to identify critical efficiency trends. The results show that ME-GI engines deliver lower CO2 emissions and consistent efficiency under steady-load conditions, due to their higher thermal efficiency and precise control characteristics. In contrast, X-DF engines demonstrate greater adaptability, leveraging LNG combustion to achieve cleaner emissions and optimal performance in specific operational clusters. Clustering analysis highlights distinct patterns: ME-GI engines excel with optimized shaft power and RPM, while X-DF engines achieve peak efficiency through adaptive load and fuel management. These findings provide actionable insights for integrating performance indicators into SEEMP strategies, enabling targeted emission reductions and fuel optimization across diverse operating scenarios—thus supporting more sustainable maritime transport. Full article
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25 pages, 2726 KB  
Article
Breaking Silos: A Systemic Portfolio Approach and Digital Tool for Collaborative Urban Decarbonisation
by Manuel Alméstar, Sara Romero-Muñoz and Nieves Mestre
Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5145; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115145 - 3 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1555
Abstract
Urban decarbonisation requires governance models that overcome the fragmentation and rigidity of traditional urban planning. This article presents a systemic and digital framework for managing urban decarbonisation portfolios aligned with the EU Mission for Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities. Grounded in systems thinking and [...] Read more.
Urban decarbonisation requires governance models that overcome the fragmentation and rigidity of traditional urban planning. This article presents a systemic and digital framework for managing urban decarbonisation portfolios aligned with the EU Mission for Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities. Grounded in systems thinking and portfolio theory, this study develops an analytical taxonomy and an interactive digital tool to support strategic coordination, multistakeholder collaboration, and adaptive decision-making. The framework is empirically validated through the case of Madrid’s Climate City Contract, demonstrating its functionality and transferability. Using a mixed-method approach—combining co-creation workshops, interviews, document analysis, and iterative prototyping—this research maps interdependencies among projects, actors, and levers of change. The digital tool enables real-time visualisation of collaboration patterns, gaps, and synergies, enhancing strategic foresight and coordination capacity. Findings reveal that 75% of initiatives in Madrid’s CCC address climate adaptation, 80.36% are linked to knowledge generation, and key anchor projects serve as integrative hubs within the portfolio. This study concludes that the portfolio approach strengthens systemic innovation and reflexive governance by integrating digital infrastructures with collaborative planning processes. While challenges persist—including data integration, institutional capacity, and political dynamics—this research offers a replicable methodology for embedding mission-oriented strategies into urban governance. The digital portfolio emerges as a complementary governance tool that enhances transparency, organisational learning, and alignment across governance levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning Models and Effective Management Tools in Resilient Low-Carbon Cities: Issues, Methods and Innovations)
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16 pages, 2401 KB  
Article
Microclimate of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.) Sustainable Managed Forest Stands—A Study of Air and Soil Temperatures in Shelterwood Cutting
by Krešimir Popić, Azra Tafro, Dario Baričević, Irena Šapić, Ivica Tikvić and Damir Ugarković
Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5106; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115106 - 2 Jun 2025
Viewed by 761
Abstract
Forest management and tree felling in the stand change the structural characteristics, which causes changes in the microclimate conditions. The microclimate is a key in sustainable forest management because soil temperature and moisture regimes regulate nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The aim of [...] Read more.
Forest management and tree felling in the stand change the structural characteristics, which causes changes in the microclimate conditions. The microclimate is a key in sustainable forest management because soil temperature and moisture regimes regulate nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The aim of this research was to determine the changes in air and soil temperatures in pedunculate oak forest stands in different stages of shelterwood that stimulate natural regeneration. The research was conducted in pedunculated oak forests in Spačva area. The microclimatic parameters were measured in a mature old forest stand without shelterwood cutting and in stands with preparatory cut, seed cut, and final cut. The intensity of shelterwood had an impact on the amplitudes and values of air and soil temperatures. The highest average air temperature was in the stand with a preparatory cut. Extreme values of air and soil temperatures were measured in the stands with a final cut. The highest air and soil temperature amplitudes were in the stand with a final cut, with the exception of most of the winter, when the highest soil temperature amplitude was in the stand with a seed cut. The highest number of icy, cold, and hot days was in the stand with a final cut. SARIMA models establish that the difference between microclimatic parameters is not accidental. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sustainable Forest Management in the Context of Climate Change)
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26 pages, 7354 KB  
Article
Towards Inclusive Waste Management in Marginalized Urban Areas: An Expert-Guided Framework and Its Pilot in Reșița, Romania
by Cristina Iacoboaea, Andrei Damian, Ioana Nenciu, Mihaela Aldea, Oana Luca, Mihai Șercăianu, Ancuța Neagu and Emanuel Răuță
Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5070; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115070 - 1 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1364
Abstract
This paper presents a structured, expert-informed framework for inclusive waste management in marginalized urban areas (MUAs), addressing critical challenges at the intersection of environmental governance, infrastructure inequality, and social exclusion. The framework was developed through extensive consultations with 37 international experts and tested [...] Read more.
This paper presents a structured, expert-informed framework for inclusive waste management in marginalized urban areas (MUAs), addressing critical challenges at the intersection of environmental governance, infrastructure inequality, and social exclusion. The framework was developed through extensive consultations with 37 international experts and tested through a deployment plan piloted in Reșița, Romania. The framework is adaptable to site-specific realities and is intended to evolve annually based on monitoring and feedback. With a strong focus on community engagement, institutional coordination, and policy alignment, the framework lays out an incremental implementation path. The Reșița pilot demonstrates how targeted, participatory actions—ranging from stakeholder mobilization and tailored education to infrastructure enhancements and policy reforms—can drive sustainable improvements in waste management and civic inclusion. This study contributes to the literature on environmental justice and urban sustainability by providing a dynamic, scalable model that can be customized to diverse socio-spatial contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Waste Management Strategies for Circular Economy)
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