Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Health Using the Pressure–State–Response (PSR) Model: A Case Study of Mursidabad District of West Bengal (India)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Methods
2.2.1. Data Resources and Processing
2.2.2. Assessment of Wetland Ecosystems Health
2.2.3. Wetland Classification
2.2.4. Indicator System Establishment
2.2.5. Determination of Indicator Weights and Assessment Methods
3. Results
3.1. Wetland Ecosystem Pressure
3.2. Wetland Ecosystem Health State
3.3. Wetland Ecosystem Health Response
3.4. Spatial-Temporal Variations and Levels in the Health Status of Wetland Ecosystem
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criteria | Indicator | Health-Related |
---|---|---|
Pressure | Population density | − |
Road density | − | |
Urbanization growth rate | − | |
State | Patch richness | + |
Patch density | + | |
Largest patch index | + | |
Landscape diversity index | + | |
Response | Wetland degradation rate | + |
Ecosystem service value | + |
Higher-Level Indicator | Lower-Level Indicator | Correlation Matrix | Priority | Weight | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | ||||
Wetland ecosystem health | A. Pressure | 1 | 1/3 | 3 | 0.2580 | ||
B. State | 3 | 1 | 5 | 0.6370 | |||
C. Response | 1/3 | 1/5 | 1 | 0.1050 | |||
Pressure | A. Population density | 1 | 3 | 5 | 0.6480 | 0.1437 | |
B. Road density | 1/3 | 1 | 2 | 0.2300 | 0.1016 | ||
C. Urbanization growth rate | 1/5 | 1/2 | 1 | 0.1222 | 0.0823 | ||
State | A. Largest patch index | 1 | 1/3 | 2 | 5 | 0.2390 | 0.1215 |
B. Patch density | 3 | 1 | 5 | 7 | 0.5740 | 0.1783 | |
C. Patch richness | 1/2 | 1/5 | 1 | 3 | 0.1310 | 0.0930 | |
D. Shannon diversity index | 1/5 | 1/7 | 1/3 | 1 | 0.0560 | 0.0634 | |
Response | A. Wetland degradation rate | 1 | 5 | 0.8330 | 0.1272 | ||
B. Ecosystem service value | 1/5 | 1 | 0.1670 | 0.0889 |
Year | 2001 | 2013 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|
Wetland area (ha) | 28,069.39 | 15,520.24 | 6594.15 |
Percentage of wetland area | 5.32 | 2.94 | 1.25 |
WEH Score | Health Strata | Status of Health |
---|---|---|
0.501–1.00 | Very healthy | Wetland landscape with sustainable and stable system, very healthy ecosystem functions with minimal external pressure |
0.401–0.50 | Healthy | Wetland landscape with sustainable and stable system, healthy ecosystem functions with less external pressure |
0.351–0.40 | Sub-healthy | Wetland maintains basis system with some changes of landscape, degraded ecosystem functions and greater external pressure |
0.251–0.35 | Unhealthy | Wetland landscape is a degraded system with a broken landscape, unhealthy ecosystem functions and relatively greater external pressure |
0.00–0.250 | Sick | Wetland landscape is a seriously degraded system with a completely destroyed landscape, sick ecosystem functions and very high external pressure |
WEH Score | Health Category | 2013 | 2020 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Block | % | No. of Block | % | ||
0.501–1.00 | Very healthy | 3 | 11.54 | 1 | 3.85 |
0.401–0.50 | Healthy | 2 | 7.69 | 3 | 11.54 |
0.351–0.40 | Sub-healthy | 5 | 19.23 | 3 | 11.54 |
0.251–0.35 | Unhealthy | 9 | 34.62 | 11 | 42.31 |
0.00–0.250 | Sick | 7 | 26.92 | 8 | 30.77 |
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Das, S.; Pradhan, B.; Shit, P.K.; Alamri, A.M. Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Health Using the Pressure–State–Response (PSR) Model: A Case Study of Mursidabad District of West Bengal (India). Sustainability 2020, 12, 5932. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155932
Das S, Pradhan B, Shit PK, Alamri AM. Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Health Using the Pressure–State–Response (PSR) Model: A Case Study of Mursidabad District of West Bengal (India). Sustainability. 2020; 12(15):5932. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155932
Chicago/Turabian StyleDas, Subhasis, Biswajeet Pradhan, Pravat Kumar Shit, and Abdullah M. Alamri. 2020. "Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Health Using the Pressure–State–Response (PSR) Model: A Case Study of Mursidabad District of West Bengal (India)" Sustainability 12, no. 15: 5932. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155932