Growing Olive Oil Export and Intra-Industry Trade in Mediterranean Countries: Application of Gravity Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Model Specification
3.2. Linear Dynamic Panel Gravity Model
3.3. Data
4. Empirical Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Albania | Cameroon | Gambia | Korea | Slovenia | Zimbabwe |
Algeria | Canada | Germany | Kuwait | South Africa | Moldova |
Andorra | Cambodia | Georgia | Kyrgyzstan | Spain | Myanmar |
Angola | Cabo Verde | Ghana | Latvia Lebanon | Sri Lanka | Netherlands |
Argentina | Chile | Greece | Liberia | Sweden | Nepal |
Armenia | China | Guatemala | Lithuania | Switzerland | New Zealand |
Australia | Columbia | Hong Kong | Luxemburg | Tanzania | Nicaragua |
Austria | Cote d’Ivoire | Honduras | Malaysia | Thailand | Nigeria |
Azerbaijan | Costa-Rica | Hungary | Malta | Tunisia | Norway |
Bahrain | Croatia | India | Maldives | Turkey | Oman |
Bangladesh | Cyprus | Indonesia | Mauritania | Turkmenistan | Panama |
Belarus | Denmark | Iran | Mauritius | Trinidad-Tobago | Pakistan |
Belgium | Dominica | Iraq | Mexico | United Arab | Paraguay |
Belize | Ecuador | Ireland | Mongolia | Emirates | Peru |
Benin | Egypt | Israel | Morocco | United Kingdom | Portugal |
Bolivia | El-Salvador | Italy | Saudi Arabia | United States | Philippines |
Bosnia-Herzegovina | Estonia | Jamaica | Senegal | Ukraine | Poland |
Brazil | Ethiopia | Japan | Seychelles | Uruguay | Portugal |
Brunei | Finland | Jordan | Singapore | Uzbekistan | Romania |
Bulgaria | France | Kazakhstan | Slovakia | Vietnam | Russia |
Burkina Faso | Gabon | Kenya | Yemen | ||
Zambia |
Algeria | Croatia | Israel | Portugal | Turkey |
Andorra | Cyprus | Japan | Saudi Arabia | United Kingdom |
Argentina | Egypt | Jordan | Slovenia | United States |
Austria | France | Lebanon | South Africa | |
Australia | Germany | Luxemburg | Spain | |
Belgium | Greece | Morocco | Switzerland | |
Bulgaria | Italy | Netherlands | Tunisia |
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Country Group | Countries |
---|---|
Exporters | Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey |
Importers | Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Slovenia, Spain |
Variables | Number of Observations | Mean | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EXijt | 11,476 | 10.467 | 5.136 | 0 | 21.083 |
DISij | 11,476 | 8.152 | 0.916 | 4.443 | 9.899 |
GDTijt | 11,476 | 52.69 | 2.362 | 43.979 | 59.123 |
SIMijt | 11,476 | −2.245 | 1.428 | −7.922 | −0.693 |
RFEijt | 11,476 | 1.508 | 1.101 | 0 | 5.244 |
DEIit | 11,476 | 0.516 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 |
DEJjt | 11,476 | 0.236 | 0.425 | 0 | 1 |
DEBijt | 11,476 | 0.109 | 0.312 | 0 | 1 |
DCBij | 11,476 | 0.05 | 0.217 | 0 | 1 |
DCLij | 11,476 | 0.103 | 0.304 | 0 | 1 |
DCRij | 11,476 | 0.056 | 0.23 | 0 | 1 |
Variables | Number of Observations | Mean | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IMijt | 1843 | 10.457 | 5.565 | 0 | 21.119 |
DISij | 1843 | 7.332 | 0.952 | 4.762 | 9.666 |
GDTijt | 1843 | 54.128 | 2.175 | 48.23 | 59.123 |
SIMijt | 1843 | −1.717 | 0.954 | −5.407 | −0.693 |
RFEijt | 1843 | 0.932 | 0.877 | 0.001 | 2.997 |
DEIit | 1843 | 0.802 | 0.398 | 0 | 1 |
DEJjt | 1843 | 0.569 | 0.495 | 0 | 1 |
DEBijt | 1843 | 0.451 | 0.498 | 0 | 1 |
DCBij | 1843 | 0.196 | 0.397 | 0 | 1 |
DCLij | 1843 | 0.072 | 0.259 | 0 | 1 |
DCRij | 1843 | 0.062 | 0.241 | 0 | 1 |
Variable | Pooled OLS | Fixed-Effects Model | Random-Effects Model | Tobit Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | −25.531 | *** | −58.132 | *** | −30.341 | *** | −30.075 | *** |
[3.945] | [21.987] | [4.456] | [4.493] | |||||
DISij | −0.120 | - | −0.331 | −0.138 | ||||
[0.186] | [0.201] | [0.212] | ||||||
GDTijt | 0.656 | *** | 1.312 | *** | 0.797 | *** | 0.727 | *** |
[0.073] | [0.413] | [0.084] | [0.082] | |||||
SIMijt | 0.051 | −0.498 | −0.123 | 0.029 | ||||
[0.124] | [0.511] | [0.140] | [0.139] | |||||
RFEijt | −0.465 | *** | −1.973 | *** | −0.862 | *** | −0.506 | *** |
[0.129] | [0.479] | [0.164] | [0.146] | |||||
DEIit | 2.014 | *** | 0.120 | 1.204 | *** | 2.291 | *** | |
[0.381] | [0.887] | [0.400] | [0.425] | |||||
DEJjt | 0.302 | −2.057 | *** | −1.146 | * | 0.384 | ||
[0.488] | [0.927] | [0.670] | [0.554] | |||||
DEBijt | 0.340 | 2.093 | ** | 1.210 | * | 0.227 | ||
[0.599] | [0.968] | [0.711] | [0.656] | |||||
DCBij | 1.286 | *** | - | 0.942 | 1.376 | * | ||
[0.642] | [0.662] | [0.701] | ||||||
DCLij | 0.735 | - | 0.625 | 0.726 | ||||
[0.614] | [0.646] | [0.719] | ||||||
DCRij | 0.615 | - | 1.177 | 0.768 | ||||
[0.775] | [0.830] | [0.877] | ||||||
Time dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
R2 | 0.261 | |||||||
Within R2 | 0.155 | 0.151 | ||||||
Between R2 | 0.258 | 0.329 | ||||||
Overall R2 | 0.197 | 0.249 | ||||||
Pseudo-R2 | 0.048 | |||||||
Log pseudo-likelihood | −31,892.5 | |||||||
Hausman test | 78.3 | *** | ||||||
(0.000) | ||||||||
Breush–Pagan test | 21,692.2 | *** | ||||||
(0.000) | ||||||||
Number of groups | 604 | 604 | ||||||
Number of observations | 11,476 | 11,476 | 11,476 | 11,476 |
Variable | Pooled OLS | Fixed-Effects Model | Random-Effects Model | Tobit Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | −14.583 | −158.955 | * | −30.139 | * | −19.870 | ||
[13.108] | [92.643] | [16.606] | [15.346] | |||||
DISij | −0.872 | - | −0.959 | −0.984 | ||||
[0.607] | [0.619] | [0.678] | ||||||
GDTijt | 0.543 | ** | 3.237 | * | 0.905 | *** | 0.639 | ** |
[0.251] | [1.688] | [0.311] | [0.289] | |||||
SIMijt | 0.346 | 4.877 | 0.304 | 0.359 | ||||
[0.476] | [3.550] | [0.644] | [0.555] | |||||
RFEijt | 0.532 | 6.812 | * | 0.996 | * | 0.509 | ||
[0.718] | [3.142] | [0.735] | [0.841] | |||||
DEIit | −0.038 | −6.343 | *** | −4.736 | *** | −0.088 | ||
[1.786] | [1.101] | [1.161] | [2.116] | |||||
DEJjt | −0.710 | −4.876 | ** | −4.132 | *** | −0.753 | ||
[1.909] | [1.903] | [1.407] | [2.310] | |||||
DEBijt | 2.715 | 8.130 | *** | 6.692 | *** | 3.055 | ||
[2.292] | [1.253] | [1.338] | [2.734] | |||||
DCBij | −0.257 | - | 0.196 | −0.268 | ||||
[1.315] | [1.223] | [1.441] | ||||||
DCLij | −0.901 | - | −2.613 | −1.278 | ||||
[1.718] | [2.404] | [2.039] | ||||||
DCRij | 1.364 | - | 1.804 | 1.851 | ||||
[1.727] | [1.921] | [1.946] | ||||||
Time dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
R2 | 0.154 | |||||||
Within R2 | 0.133 | 0.120 | ||||||
Between R2 | 0.044 | 0.143 | ||||||
Overall R2 | 0.036 | 0.129 | ||||||
Pseudo-R2 | 0.028 | |||||||
Log pseudo-likelihood | −5309.8 | |||||||
Hausman test | 35.4 | * | ||||||
(0.062) | ||||||||
Breush–Pagan test | 4152.48 | *** | ||||||
(0.000) | ||||||||
Number of groups | 97 | 97 | ||||||
Number of observations | 1843 | 1843 | 1843 | 1843 |
Dynamic Panel-Data Estimation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | OLS | Fixed-Effects Model | Two-Step System GMM | |||
Constant | −6.237 | *** | −7.467 | −4.811 | *** | |
[1.037] | [14.858] | [1.241] | ||||
EXij,t−1 | 0.496 | *** | 0.327 | *** | 0.661 | *** |
[0.014] | [0.018] | [0.037] | ||||
EXij,t−2 | 0.265 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.169 | *** |
[0.014] | [0.015] | [0.035] | ||||
DISij | −0.018 | - | −0.017 | |||
[0.046] | [0.038] | |||||
GDTijt | 0.162 | *** | 0.282 | 0.122 | *** | |
[0.018] | [0.278] | [0.024] | ||||
SIMijt | 0.001 | 0.145 | −0.087 | * | ||
[0.029] | [0.334] | [0.045] | ||||
RFEijt | −0.098 | *** | −1.061 | *** | −0.141 | *** |
[0.032] | [0.343] | [0.051] | ||||
DEIit | 0.504 | *** | −0.449 | 0.314 | *** | |
[0.099] | [0.495] | [0.105] | ||||
DEJjt | 0.036 | −0.853 | 0.006 | |||
[0.126] | [0.553] | [0.104] | ||||
DEBijt | 0.081 | 0.913 | 0.018 | |||
[0.156] | [0.575] | [0.133] | ||||
DCBij | 0.255 | - | 0.161 | |||
[0.164] | [0.148] | |||||
DCLij | 0.182 | - | 0.193 | |||
[0.152] | [0.121] | |||||
DCRij | −0.048 | - | −0.106 | |||
[0.191] | [0.159] | |||||
Time dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
R2 | 0.636 | |||||
Within R2 | 0.253 | |||||
Between R2 | 0.691 | |||||
Overall R2 | 0.505 | |||||
Hansen J statistics test | 596.19 | |||||
−0.217 | ||||||
Arellano–Bond Test for AR(1) | −9.01 | *** | ||||
(0.000) | ||||||
Arellano–Bond Test for AR(2) | 0.66 | |||||
(0.506) | ||||||
Number of instruments | 599 | |||||
Number of groups | 604 | 604 | ||||
Number of observations | 10,268 | 10,268 | 10,268 |
Dynamic Panel-Data Estimation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | OLS | Fixed-Effects Model | Two-Step System GMM | |||
Constant | −5.703 | −86.727 | −83.070 | |||
[4.953] | [76.501] | [55.571] | ||||
IMij,t−1 | 0.681 | *** | 0.298 | *** | 0.358 | *** |
[0.030] | [0.041] | [0.053] | ||||
DISij | −0.200 | - | −1.169 | |||
[0.181] | [0.767] | |||||
GDTijt | 0.187 | ** | 1.813 | 1.734 | * | |
[0.092] | [1.391] | [1.039] | ||||
SIMijt | 0.164 | 3.659 | −0.894 | |||
[0.160] | [2.356] | [1.761] | ||||
RFEijt | 0.302 | 3.939 | * | 3.250 | ** | |
[0.245] | [2.096] | [1.396] | ||||
DEIit | −0.046 | −2.832 | *** | −1.542 | ||
[0.615] | [0.502] | [2.606] | ||||
DEJjt | −0.716 | −2.701 | * | −4.205 | ||
[0.756] | [1.629] | [2.611] | ||||
DEBijt | 1.519 | * | 4.647 | *** | 7.215 | ** |
[0.883] | [0.693] | [3.397] | ||||
DCBij | −0.024 | - | −0.306 | |||
[0.417] | [1.224] | |||||
DCLij | 0.322 | - | 5.010 | |||
[0.676] | [3.850] | |||||
DCRij | 0.636 | - | −2.174 | |||
[0.521] | [2.330] | |||||
Time dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
R2 | 0.554 | |||||
Within R2 | 0.192 | |||||
Between R2 | 0.164 | |||||
Overall R2 | 0.135 | |||||
Hansen J statistics test | 84.8 | |||||
(0.184) | ||||||
Arellano−Bond Test for AR(1) | −5.53 | *** | ||||
(0.000) | ||||||
Arellano−Bond Test for AR(2) | 1.16 | |||||
(0.244) | ||||||
Number of instruments | 97 | |||||
Number of groups | 97 | 97 | 97 | |||
Number of observations | 1649 | 1649 | 1649 |
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Share and Cite
Kashiwagi, K.; Yamna, E.; Arfa, L.; Zaibet, L. Growing Olive Oil Export and Intra-Industry Trade in Mediterranean Countries: Application of Gravity Model. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7027. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177027
Kashiwagi K, Yamna E, Arfa L, Zaibet L. Growing Olive Oil Export and Intra-Industry Trade in Mediterranean Countries: Application of Gravity Model. Sustainability. 2020; 12(17):7027. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177027
Chicago/Turabian StyleKashiwagi, Kenichi, Erraach Yamna, Lamia Arfa, and Lokman Zaibet. 2020. "Growing Olive Oil Export and Intra-Industry Trade in Mediterranean Countries: Application of Gravity Model" Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7027. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177027