Analysis of the Impact of the Use Profile of HVAC Systems Established by the Spanish Standard to Assess Residential Building Energy Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Climate Zones from the CTE and Limitations of the Thermal Properties of the Envelope
2.2. Case Study
2.3. Operational Condition Approaches of the Indoor Spaces Analyzed
- -
- Approach 1 corresponded to the residential profile from the CTE. This approach considered a use of the heating systems for the months between October and May, whereas the use of cooling systems corresponded to the summer months. These months coincide with the months corresponding to the calculation of winter and summer climate severities. Regarding the daily use profile, the use varies depending on the system (heating or cooling): the heating system is used throughout the day, whereas the cooling system is not used from 07:00 to 14:59. Indoor setpoint temperatures also vary: (i) as for heating, the indoor setpoint temperature is 20 °C between 7:00 and 22:59, and 17 °C between 23:00 and 6:59; and (ii) as for cooling, the indoor setpoint temperature is 25 ºC between 15:00 and 22:59, and 27 °C between 23:00 and 6:59.
- -
- Approach 2 corresponded to a modification of the residential profile from the CTE. This modification considered that the use of heating and cooling systems is not limited according to the time of year, so that cooling systems could be used in the months considered winter months by the CTE (i.e., October, November, December, January, February, March, April, and May), and the heating systems in summer months (i.e., June, July, August, and September). In such way, it is possible to verify if there is a heating or cooling energy demand in those months in which the CTE considered their use not suitable. Regarding the daily use profile, the same as that used in the residential profile from the CTE was applied.
- -
- Approach 3 corresponded to a modification of the residential profile used in Approach 2. In this case, the criterion of using heating and cooling systems throughout the year was the same. The modification takes place in the daily profile of cooling systems. A daily profile is used to use the cooling system between 07:00 and 14:59, with an indoor setpoint temperature of 25 °C for cooling.
2.4. Energy Simulation Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Effect of Increasing Calendars to Use HVAC Systems (Approach 2)
3.2. Effect of Increasing the Daily Use of Cooling Systems (Approach 3)
4. Conclusions
- -
- The increase of calendars to use heating and cooling systems influenced in different ways. Whereas in the cooling energy demand the increase was almost null in the summer months, in the cooling energy demand there were significant values of cooling energy demand in April, May, and October, and outliers with values of cooling energy demand in the months between November and March. This increase of calendars to use cooling systems varied the heating and cooling percentage contributions in the total energy demand of each month, so the cooling energy demand was the most important in May and October.
- -
- There was also a different tendency of the effect of increasing calendars to use cooling systems according to the summer climate severity. In this regard, SCZ showed a greater influence of the increase of using cooling systems on the increase of cooling energy demand. This aspect showed that the assessment of fulfilling the energy efficiency of buildings according to the Spanish Building Technical Code could imply that, in cities with warm climates, the building energy consumption is greater than that analyzed according to the regulation.
- -
- Also using cooling systems from 07:00 to 14:59 increased the cooling energy demand in all months of the year, although the impact was greater in July and August. The annual energy demand also increased, ranging between 0.15 and 6.1 kWh/m2 year, according to the climate conditions of the city.
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Period | Time/Indoor Setpoint Temperature (°C) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0:00–6:59 | 07:00–14:59 | 15:00–22:59 | 23:00–23:59 | ||
Heating setpoint temperature | From January to May | 17 | 20 | 20 | 17 |
From June to September | - | - | - | - | |
From October to December | 17 | 20 | 20 | 17 | |
Cooling setpoint temperature | From January to May | - | - | - | - |
From June to September | 27 | - | 25 | 27 | |
From October to December | - | - | - | - |
Class | Value | Class | Value |
---|---|---|---|
α | 1 | ||
A | 2 | ||
B | 3 | ||
C | 4 | ||
D | |||
E |
Element | Maximum Thermal Transmittance (W/(m²K)) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter Climate Zone (WCZ) | ||||||
α | A | B | C | D | E | |
Wall | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.37 |
Elements in contact with the ground | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.59 |
Roof | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.33 |
Window | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
Room | Surface (m2) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ground Floor | First Floor (Typical Floor) | |||||||||||
A | B | C | D | E | F | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
LR-K | 26.34 | 27.49 | 27.46 | 27.46 | 27.49 | 28.98 | 29.42 | 27.49 | 27.46 | 27.46 | 27.49 | 28.99 |
BR-1 | 12.15 | 13.76 | 12.08 | 12.08 | 13.76 | 12.20 | 15.65 | 13.76 | 12.08 | 12.08 | 13.76 | 12.2 |
BR-2 | 8.03 | 10.85 | 8.71 | 8.71 | 10.85 | 9.00 | 9.03 | 10.85 | 8.71 | 8.71 | 10.85 | 9.00 |
BA-1 | 3.53 | 3.61 | 3.34 | 3.34 | 3.61 | 3.78 | 2.96 | 3.61 | 3.34 | 3.34 | 3.61 | 3.73 |
BA-2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.25 | - | - | - | - | - |
Total | 50.05 | 55.71 | 51.59 | 51.59 | 55.71 | 53.96 | 61.31 | 55.71 | 51.59 | 51.59 | 55.71 | 53.92 |
Climate Zone | Cooling Energy Demand (kWh/m2 Year) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Approach 1 | Approach 2 | |||||
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | |
A2 | 4.82 | 5.83 | 8.32 | 5.64 | 6.89 | 11.10 |
A3 | 17.00 | 18.26 | 23.20 | 19.68 | 20.88 | 26.99 |
A4 | 19.84 | 20.93 | 22.98 | 22.94 | 24.63 | 27.15 |
B2 | 3.22 | 3.68 | 3.84 | 3.63 | 4.05 | 4.42 |
B3 | 20.73 | 21.47 | 22.28 | 23.60 | 24.49 | 25.43 |
B4 | 23.09 | 27.28 | 30.57 | 26.87 | 32.73 | 37.30 |
C1 | 4.76 | 7.38 | 9.39 | 4.96 | 7.93 | 10.45 |
C2 | 15.33 | 16.46 | 16.95 | 16.83 | 18.24 | 18.95 |
C3 | 19.54 | 21.16 | 22.37 | 21.64 | 23.82 | 25.26 |
C4 | 22.87 | 24.25 | 25.64 | 25.29 | 27.11 | 29.03 |
D1 | 5.21 | 9.13 | 12.89 | 5.41 | 9.82 | 13.70 |
D2 | 12.86 | 13.83 | 16.14 | 13.59 | 14.62 | 17.68 |
D3 | 17.03 | 20.03 | 22.54 | 18.59 | 21.88 | 25.15 |
E1 | 10.97 | 12.6 | 13.82 | 11.39 | 13.28 | 14.57 |
α3 | 9.58 | 12.42 | 13.96 | 14.39 | 18.56 | 21.36 |
Month | Percentage (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCZ 1 | SCZ 2 | |||||||
Approach 2 | Approach 3 | Approach 2 | Approach 3 | |||||
Heating | Cooling | Heating | Cooling | Heating | Cooling | Heating | Cooling | |
January | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 99.97 | 0.03 | 99.97 | 0.03 |
February | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 99.96 | 0.04 | 99.96 | 0.04 |
March | 99.84 | 0.16 | 99.84 | 0.16 | 99.18 | 0.82 | 99.17 | 0.83 |
April | 90.25 | 9.75 | 90.15 | 9.85 | 85.49 | 14.51 | 85.39 | 14.61 |
May | 27.56 | 72.44 | 26.91 | 73.09 | 25.60 | 74.40 | 25.00 | 75.00 |
June | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
July | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
August | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
September | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
October | 64.10 | 35.90 | 63.68 | 36.32 | 59.05 | 40.95 | 58.67 | 41.33 |
November | 99.98 | 0.02 | 99.97 | 0.03 | 99.37 | 0.63 | 99.34 | 0.66 |
December | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 99.89 | 0.11 | 99.89 | 0.11 |
SCZ 3 | SCZ 4 | |||||||
January | 99.62 | 0.38 | 99.62 | 0.38 | 99.92 | 0.08 | 99.92 | 0.08 |
February | 99.57 | 0.43 | 99.57 | 0.43 | 99.88 | 0.12 | 99.88 | 0.12 |
March | 98.91 | 1.09 | 98.90 | 1.10 | 97.91 | 2.09 | 97.88 | 2.12 |
April | 80.77 | 19.23 | 80.62 | 19.38 | 61.51 | 38.49 | 61.28 | 38.72 |
May | 19.18 | 80.82 | 18.70 | 81.30 | 10.04 | 89.96 | 9.82 | 90.18 |
June | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
July | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
August | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
September | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
October | 46.40 | 53.60 | 45.92 | 54.08 | 16.20 | 83.80 | 15.81 | 84.19 |
November | 98.99 | 1.01 | 98.97 | 1.03 | 98.37 | 1.63 | 98.31 | 1.69 |
December | 99.40 | 0.60 | 99.40 | 0.60 | 99.72 | 0.28 | 99.72 | 0.28 |
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Bienvenido-Huertas, D. Analysis of the Impact of the Use Profile of HVAC Systems Established by the Spanish Standard to Assess Residential Building Energy Performance. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7153. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177153
Bienvenido-Huertas D. Analysis of the Impact of the Use Profile of HVAC Systems Established by the Spanish Standard to Assess Residential Building Energy Performance. Sustainability. 2020; 12(17):7153. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177153
Chicago/Turabian StyleBienvenido-Huertas, David. 2020. "Analysis of the Impact of the Use Profile of HVAC Systems Established by the Spanish Standard to Assess Residential Building Energy Performance" Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7153. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177153