Estimating Soil Arsenic Content with Visible and Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Reflectance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Acquisition and Processing of Soil Data
2.3. Collection and Processing of Soil Spectral Data
2.4. Extraction Feature Bands
2.5. Model Calibration and Validation Methods
2.5.1. Partial Least Squares Regression
2.5.2. Support Vector Regression
2.5.3. Back Propagation Neural Network
2.6. Evaluation Modeling Accuracy
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Different Resampling Interval Modeling Results
3.3. Different Spectral Preprocessing Method Modeling Results
3.4. Influence of Feature Band Extraction on Segment Modeling Accuracy
3.5. Different Inversion Model Modeling Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Best Inversion Model Analysis
4.2. Inversion Mechanism Analysis
4.3. Limitations and Future Work
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site Type | Item | Max | Min | Mean | Coefficient of Variation | Background Value | Ratio | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mining Area | A | AS (mg/kg) | 231.00 | 54.00 | 150.70 | 0.37 ** | 60 | 2.51 |
pH | 8.93 | 8.04 | 8.37 | |||||
B | AS (mg/kg) | 100.00 | 13.30 | 35.21 | 0.71 ** | 25 | 1.41 | |
pH | 8.56 | 5.33 | 8.19 | |||||
C | AS (mg/kg) | 41.50 | 16.10 | 25.88 | 0.28 ** | 25 | 1.03 | |
pH | 8.40 | 7.53 | 8.13 | |||||
Suburb | D | AS (mg/kg) | 14.30 | 11.30 | 12.58 | 0.07 | 60 | 0.21 |
pH | 9.13 | 8.40 | 8.81 | |||||
E | AS (mg/kg) | 16.10 | 12.20 | 13.55 | 0.08 ** | 20 | 0.68 | |
pH | 8.88 | 8.18 | 8.52 | |||||
F | AS (mg/kg) | 14.90 | 9.40 | 12.53 | 0.12 * | 60 | 0.21 | |
pH | 8.74 | 8.28 | 8.47 |
Data Set | Max (mg/kg) | Min (mg/kg) | Mean (mg/kg) | Coefficient of Variation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Calibration Set | 231.00 | 9.40 | 45.61 | 1.28 ** |
Validation Set | 214.00 | 11.00 | 45.01 | 1.27 ** |
k | RMSEC | RMSEV | MAEC | MAEV | RPD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Original | 5 | 26.40 | 30.72 | 0.7923 | 0.7282 | 16.9763 | 22.6354 | 1.6546 |
2 nm | 4 | 26.52 | 30.49 | 0.7915 | 0.7238 | 16.8406 | 22.2215 | 1.6655 |
4 nm | 3 | 26.45 | 30.21 | 0.7915 | 0.7288 | 16.5236 | 21.6547 | 1.6989 |
6 nm | 3 | 26.51 | 30.00 | 0.7906 | 0.7383 | 15.4459 | 21.3645 | 1.6922 |
8 nm | 3 | 26.46 | 30.21 | 0.7913 | 0.7455 | 15.4321 | 22.2156 | 1.6592 |
10 nm | 3 | 25.60 | 29.99 | 0.8046 | 0.7442 | 15.3981 | 20.5442 | 1.7253 |
12 nm | 3 | 26.37 | 30.50 | 0.7848 | 0.7334 | 16.2564 | 21.1965 | 1.6543 |
14 nm | 3 | 26.89 | 30.98 | 0.7846 | 0.7185 | 17.3365 | 22.0398 | 1.6312 |
k | RMSEC | RMSEV | MAEC | MAEV | RPD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Original | 3 | 25.60 | 29.99 | 0.8046 | 0.7443 | 15.3981 | 20.5442 | 1.7253 |
S–G | 3 | 25.68 | 28.01 | 0.8034 | 0.7661 | 15.4988 | 21.3561 | 1.8576 |
FD | 4 | 26.04 | 28.20 | 0.7980 | 0.7579 | 15.8322 | 20.5414 | 1.8375 |
SD | 4 | 24.90 | 27.77 | 0.8152 | 0.7701 | 16.8899 | 14.6293 | 1.8874 |
MSC | 3 | 29.71 | 32.24 | 0.7369 | 0.6892 | 19.9307 | 20.5229 | 1.5499 |
Principal Component | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | PC5 | PC6 | PC7 | PC8 | PC9 | PC10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cumulative (%) | 53.6 | 72.8 | 85.8 | 92.5 | 94.1 | 95.6 | 96.6 | 97.3 | 97.8 | 98.2 |
Soil Properties | Feature Bands/nm |
---|---|
AS | 430, 450, 470, 480, 530, 610, 620, 640–660, 1030–1060, 1080–1110, 1230, 1240, 1280, 1300–1320, 1360–1380, 1400, 1400, 1480, 1510, 1580, 1750, 1850–1930, 2050, 2120, 2140, 2160, 2170, 2190–2220, 2250, 2340–2360 |
k | RMSEC | RMSEV | MAEC | MAEV | RPD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feature Bands | 2 | 26.86 | 29.62 | 0.7850 | 0.7384 | 22.1084 | 24.5437 | 1.7389 |
All-bands | 4 | 24.90 | 27.77 | 0.8152 | 0.7701 | 14.6293 | 16.8899 | 1.8874 |
RMSEC | RMSEV | MAEC | MAEV | RPD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLSR | 24.90 | 27.77 | 0.8152 | 0.7701 | 14.6293 | 16.8899 | 1.8874 |
SVR | 32.80 | 34.17 | 0.7570 | 0.7201 | 16.6159 | 20.3121 | 1.0313 |
BPNN | 16.59 | 20.29 | 0.9322 | 0.8607 | 11.2749 | 14.4226 | 2.5362 |
Sampling Site | Num. | Methods | R2 | RPD | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agricultural Soils | 33 | MSC + PCR | 0.3674 | [14] | |
Suburban Area | 61 | FD + PLSR | 0.7200 | 1.9000 | [15] |
Suburban Area | 93 | SG + PLSR | 0.7500 | 1.8100 | [13] |
Urban Area | 161 | SG + PLSR | 0.6700 | 1.7200 | [16] |
Urban Area | 97 | 4nm + MSC + PLSR | 0.7110 | 1.8270 | [12] |
Urban Area | 154 | BD + MLR | 0.3900 | 1.2300 | [17] |
Urban Area | 96 | GA + PLSR | 0.3500 | 1.0900 | [18] |
Urban Area | 90 | PSO + BPNN | 0.8110 | [19] | |
Mining Area | 45 | SD + PLSR | 0.8400 | [20] | |
Mining and Suburban Areas | 90 | 10nm + SD + BPNN | 0.8607 | 2.5362 | This work |
AS Content | Number of Sample | RMSEC | RMSEV | MAEC | MAEV | RPD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–20 mg/kg | 52 | 13.31 | 16.52 | 0.9254 | 0.8736 | 11.5896 | 13.6354 | 2.825 |
20–40 mg/kg | 18 | 15.49 | 18.86 | 0.9109 | 0.8689 | 11.8614 | 14.2145 | 2.757 |
40–80 mg/kg | 6 | 19.18 | 21.90 | 0.9852 | 0.8496 | 12.2016 | 14.249 | 2.365 |
80–160 mg/kg | 8 | 19.34 | 23.63 | 0.8761 | 0.8599 | 12.0254 | 13.9965 | 2.412 |
160–320 mg/kg | 8 | 17.09 | 21.36 | 0.8815 | 0.8606 | 12.6321 | 14.6254 | 2.613 |
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Han, L.; Chen, R.; Zhu, H.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, Z.; Huo, H. Estimating Soil Arsenic Content with Visible and Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Reflectance. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1476. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041476
Han L, Chen R, Zhu H, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Huo H. Estimating Soil Arsenic Content with Visible and Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Reflectance. Sustainability. 2020; 12(4):1476. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041476
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Lei, Rui Chen, Huili Zhu, Yonghua Zhao, Zhao Liu, and Hong Huo. 2020. "Estimating Soil Arsenic Content with Visible and Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Reflectance" Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1476. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041476