Emergence of Carsharing Business Models and Sustainability Impacts in Swedish Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Sharing Business Models—Opportunities and Challenges
2.2. Carsharing Business Models in an Urban Context
2.3. Research Gap
3. Methods
3.1. Desk Research on Carsharing Organizations
3.2. Detail about the Workshop
3.3. Interviews
3.4. Data Analysis
3.5. Limitations
4. Results
4.1. Context and Evolution of Carsharing in Sweden
4.1.1. Cooperative Models
4.1.2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Models
4.1.3. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Models
4.2. Specific Developments in the Four Swedish Cities
4.2.1. Carsharing in Gothenburg
Governance of Carsharing
Trends in the Urban Mobility Context
4.2.2. Carsharing in Stockholm
Governance of Carsharing
Trends in the Urban Mobility Context
4.2.3. Malmö Carsharing
Governance of Carsharing
Trends in the Urban Mobility Context
4.2.4. Umeå Carsharing Evolution
Governance of Carsharing
Trends in the Urban Mobility Context
4.3. Cross-Case Analysis
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cities | Size (Inhabitants) | Information |
---|---|---|
Gothenburg | 573,852 | Site of the Port of Gothenburg—the largest in the Nordic countries: Testbed city of Sharing cities Sweden. |
Malmö | 340,802 | One of the early industrialized towns in Scandinavia: Testbed city of Sharing cities Sweden. |
Stockholm | 965,232 | Capital city of Sweden and most populous in Sweden and across the Nordic countries: Testbed city of Sharing cities Sweden. |
Umeå | 127,612 | City located in the middle/northeast of Sweden: Testbed city of Sharing cities Sweden. |
# | Interviewees | Representative/Expert for City of | Type of Interview |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Project Leader | Gothenburg | Phone |
2 | Project Manager | Umeå | Zoom |
3 | Cooperative Representative | All | Skype |
4 | Traffic Planner (×2) | Gothenburg | Zoom |
5 | Carshare company representative | All | Phone |
6 | Traffic Planner | Malmö | Zoom |
7 | Project Manager | Stockholm | Zoom |
Cooperative Model | Business-to-Consumer (B2C) | Peer-to-Peer (P2P) | |
---|---|---|---|
Fixed spot | Bilpoolen, Sambil | Sunfleet, MoveAbout | Snappcar, GoMore |
Free floating | Aimo |
Governing by Provision and Authority | Governing by Partnership and Enabling | Governing through Volunteering | |
---|---|---|---|
Initiator | Local government/authorities (e.g., public transport; public procurement) | Local government together with others (e.g., development of platforms, such as the MaaS app; Umeå supporting mobility experiments with individuals) | Citizens or NGOs (e.g., neighborhood coops in the 1970s and 1980s) |
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Bocken, N.; Jonca, A.; Södergren, K.; Palm, J. Emergence of Carsharing Business Models and Sustainability Impacts in Swedish Cities. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041594
Bocken N, Jonca A, Södergren K, Palm J. Emergence of Carsharing Business Models and Sustainability Impacts in Swedish Cities. Sustainability. 2020; 12(4):1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041594
Chicago/Turabian StyleBocken, Nancy, Alexandra Jonca, Karolina Södergren, and Jenny Palm. 2020. "Emergence of Carsharing Business Models and Sustainability Impacts in Swedish Cities" Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041594
APA StyleBocken, N., Jonca, A., Södergren, K., & Palm, J. (2020). Emergence of Carsharing Business Models and Sustainability Impacts in Swedish Cities. Sustainability, 12(4), 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041594