Estimating Soil Available Phosphorus Content through Coupled Wavelet–Data-Driven Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Region
2.2. Soil Sampling Procedures and Soil Analysis
2.3. Soil Models
2.3.1. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
2.3.2. Gene Expression Programming (GEP)
2.3.3. Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS)
2.3.4. Random Forest (RF)
2.3.5. Support Vector Machine (SVM)
2.3.6. Artificial Neural Networks (NN)
2.4. Modeling Protocol
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions and Challenges
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clay (%) | Silt (%) | Sand (%) | OC (%) | pH (−) | P (ppm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum | 37 | 58.4 | 70.0 | 2.22 | 8.3 | 70.4 |
Minimum | 10 | 16.4 | 19.0 | 0.17 | 7.5 | 2.4 |
Mean | 22.6 | 36.3 | 41.1 | 0.73 | 7.9 | 18.7 |
Standard deviation | 5.9 | 6.1 | 9.3 | 0.33 | 0.2 | 16.2 |
Coefficient of variation | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.9 |
Skewness | −0.193 | 0.086 | 0.403 | 1.788 | −0.054 | 1.363 |
Kurtosis | −0.722 | 0.330 | 0.094 | 4.244 | −0.523 | 0.987 |
Input | Subcomponents | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
A | D1 | D2 | D3 | |
pH | 0.090 | −0.092 | −0.182 | −0.099 |
OC | 0.137 | 0.215 | 0.178 | 0.128 |
Clay | −0.204 | −0.082 | −0.054 | −0.107 |
GEP | MARS | RF | SVM | NN | WGEP | WMARS | WRF | WSVM | WNN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SI | 0.564 | 0.612 | 0.600 | 0.689 | 0.704 | 0.127 | 0.194 | 0.181 | 0.213 | 0.256 |
R | 0.678 | 0.562 | 0.587 | 0.432 | 0.412 | 0.990 | 0.975 | 0.978 | 0.970 | 0.960 |
NS | 0.600 | 0.562 | 0.578 | 0.502 | 0.498 | 0.978 | 0.949 | 0.956 | 0.938 | 0.911 |
t-test results | ||||||||||
WGEP | WMARS | WRF | WSVM | WNN | ||||||
t-Statistic | −0.281 | 0.258 | −0.260 | 0.614 | 0.628 | |||||
Resultant significance level | 0.901 | 0.880 | 0.889 | 0.821 | 0.791 |
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Shiri, J.; Keshavarzi, A.; Kisi, O.; Karimi, S.M.; Karimi, S.; Nazemi, A.H.; Rodrigo-Comino, J. Estimating Soil Available Phosphorus Content through Coupled Wavelet–Data-Driven Models. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2150. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052150
Shiri J, Keshavarzi A, Kisi O, Karimi SM, Karimi S, Nazemi AH, Rodrigo-Comino J. Estimating Soil Available Phosphorus Content through Coupled Wavelet–Data-Driven Models. Sustainability. 2020; 12(5):2150. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052150
Chicago/Turabian StyleShiri, Jalal, Ali Keshavarzi, Ozgur Kisi, Sahar Mohsenzadeh Karimi, Sepideh Karimi, Amir Hossein Nazemi, and Jesús Rodrigo-Comino. 2020. "Estimating Soil Available Phosphorus Content through Coupled Wavelet–Data-Driven Models" Sustainability 12, no. 5: 2150. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052150