The Potential of Food Packaging Attributes to Influence Consumers’ Decisions to Sort Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Factors That Influence Consumer Separating and Sorting Behavior and Their Relationship to Packaging Attributes
2.1. Attitude
2.2. Uncertainty and Recycling Knowledge
2.3. Packaging Functionsg
2.4. Perceived Quality/Value
2.5. Perceived Convenience
3. Methods and Materials
Data Collection
4. Results and Discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
- Hoornweg, D.; Bhada-Tata, P. What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Tchobanoglous, G.; Theisen, H.; Vigil, S.A. Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Wohner, B.; Pauer, E.; Heinrich, V.; Tacker, M. Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste: An Overview of Drivers and Issues. Sustainability 2019, 11, 264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- US EPA. Containers and Packaging: Product-Specific Data; United States Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Eurostat. Packaging Waste Statistics—Statistics Explained. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Packaging_waste_statistics (accessed on 21 June 2019).
- AvfallSverige. Position Paper on Plastics-Avfall Sverige; Avfall Sverige: Malmö, Sweden, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Plastemart. Food Packaging Accounts for Almost 35% of the Global Packaging Market. Available online: http://www.plastemart.com/plastic-technical-articles/food-packaging-accounts-for-almost-35-of-the-global-packaging-market/2337 (accessed on 9 January 2019).
- Tencati, A.; Pogutz, S.; Moda, B.; Brambilla, M.; Cacia, C. Prevention Policies Addressing Packaging and Packaging Waste: Some Emerging Trends. Waste Manag. 2016, 56, 35–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- The guardian. Throwaway Culture Has Spread Packaging Waste Worldwide|Waste packaging|Environment|The Guardian. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/13/waste-plastic-food-packaging-recycling-throwaway-culture-dave-hall (accessed on 21 June 2019).
- Ryan, V. The Functions of Packaging. Available online: http://www.technologystudent.com/despro2/packfn1.htm (accessed on 27 November 2019).
- Chrzan, J. Nearly Sixty Percent of All Printed Packaging Is Food|Packaging World. Available online: https://www.packworld.com/design/package-design/article/13375688/nearly-sixty-percent-of-all-printed-packaging-is-food (accessed on 27 November 2019).
- Eriksen, M.; Lebreton, L.C.; Carson, H.S.; Thiel, M.; Moore, C.J.; Borerro, J.C.; Galgani, F.; Ryan, P.G.; Reisser, J. Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: More than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e111913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ribble. Fifteen Plastic Packaging Statistics That Will Scare You • Ribble. Available online: https://ribble-pack.co.uk/environment/plastic-packaging-statistics (accessed on 27 November 2019).
- Avfall. Sweden Waste Plan for 2017–2020. Available online: https://www.stockholmvattenochavfall.se/globalassets/pdf1/riktlinjer/avfall/avfallsplan/sva072-avfallsplan_en.pdf (accessed on 16 January 2020).
- Pizarro, I.O. Turning Waste into Resources: Rethinking the Way We Discard Things; Chalmers University: Göteborg, Sweden, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Rousta, K.; Richards, T.; Taherzadeh, M.J. An Overview of Solid Waste Management toward Zero Landfill: A Swedish Model. In Resource Recovery to Approach Zero Municipal Waste; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2015; pp. 1–22. [Google Scholar]
- Rousta, K.; Dahlén, L. Source Separation of Household Waste: Technology and Social Aspects. In Resource Recovery to Approach Zero Municipal Waste; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2015; pp. 61–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bernstad, A. Household Food Waste Separation Behavior and the Importance of Convenience. Waste Manag. 2014, 34, 1317–1323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zain, S.M.; Basri, N.E.A.; Basri, H.; Zakaria, N.; Elfithri, R.; Ahmad, M.; Ghee, T.K.; Shahudin, Z.; Yaakub, S.; Khan, I.A.I. Focusing on Recycling Practice to Promote Sustainable Behavior. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2012, 60, 546–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fti. About FTI - Förpacknings- och tidningsinsamlingen, FTI. Available online: https://www.ftiab.se/1492.html (accessed on 22 February 2020).
- AvfallSverige. Swedish Waste Management; Avfall Sverige: Malmö, Sweden, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Rousta, K.; Ekström, K. Assessing Incorrect Household Waste Sorting in a Medium-Sized Swedish City. Sustainability 2013, 5, 4349–4361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vyas, H. Packaging Design Elements & Users Perception Packaging Design Elements and Users Perception: A Context in Fashion Branding and Communication. J. Appl. Packag. Res. 2015, 7, 5. [Google Scholar]
- Azzi, A.; Battini, D.; Persona, A.; Sgarbossa, F. Packaging Design: General Framework and Research Agenda. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2012, 25, 435–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wikström, F.; Williams, H.; Verghese, K.; Clune, S. The Influence of Packaging Attributes on Consumer Behaviour in Food-Packaging Life Cycle Assessment Studies—A Neglected Topic. J. Clean. Prod. 2014, 73, 100–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wikström, F.; Williams, H.; Venkatesh, G. The Influence of Packaging Attributes on Recycling and Food Waste Behaviour—An Environmental Comparison of Two Packaging Alternatives. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 137, 895–902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- van Ooijen, I.; Fransen, M.L.; Verlegh, P.W.J.; Smit, E.G. Packaging Design as an Implicit Communicator: Effects on Product Quality Inferences in the Presence of Explicit Quality Cues. Food Qual. Prefer. 2017, 62, 71–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jelsma, J. Designing ‘Moralized’ Products. In User Behavior and Technology Development; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2006; pp. 221–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Plumb, A.; Downing, P.; Consulting, I.; Andrew, P. Consumer Attitudes to Food Waste and Food Packaging: Summary of Research Findings; Waste & resources action programme: Barbury, UK, 2012; Available online: https://www.wrap.org.uk (accessed on 9 March 2020).
- Silvenius, F.; Grönman, K.; Katajajuuri, J.-M.; Soukka, R.; Koivupuro, H.-K.; Virtanen, Y. The Role of Household Food Waste in Comparing Environmental Impacts of Packaging Alternatives. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2014, 27, 277–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lindh, H.; Williams, H.; Olsson, A.; Wikström, F. Elucidating the Indirect Contributions of Packaging to Sustainable Development: A Terminology of Packaging Functions and Features. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2016, 29, 225–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wikström, F.; Verghese, K.; Auras, R.; Olsson, A.; Williams, H.; Wever, R.; Grönman, K.; Kvalvåg Pettersen, M.; Møller, H.; Soukka, R. Packaging Strategies That Save Food: A Research Agenda for 2030. J. Ind. Ecol. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henriksson, G.; Åkesson, L.; Ewert, S. Uncertainty Regarding Waste Handling in Everyday Life. Sustainability 2010, 2, 2799–2813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Langley, J.; Turner, N.; Yoxall, A. Attributes of Packaging and Influences on Waste. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2011, 24, 161–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wever, R.; van Onselen, L.; Silvester, S.; Boks, C. Influence of Packaging Design on Littering and Waste Behaviour. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2010, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, H.; Wikström, F.; Wetter-Edman, K.; Kristensson, P. Decisions on Recycling or Waste: How Packaging Functions Affect the Fate of Used Packaging in Selected Swedish Households. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Williams, H.; Wikström, F.; Otterbring, T.; Löfgren, M.; Gustafsson, A. Reasons for Household Food Waste with Special Attention to Packaging. J. Clean. Prod. 2012, 24, 141–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Froome, C.; Buelow, S.; Lewis, H.; Sonneveld, K. The Role of Labels in Directing Consumer Packaging Waste. Manag. Environ. Qual. An Int. J. 2010, 21, 198–213. [Google Scholar]
- Scott, L.; Vigar-Ellis, D. Consumer Understanding, Perceptions and Behaviours with Regard to Environmentally Friendly Packaging in a Developing Nation. Int. J. Consum. Stud. 2014, 38, 642–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilson, N.L.W.W.; Rickard, B.J.; Saputo, R.; Ho, S.-T. Food Waste: The Role of Date Labels, Package Size, and Product Category. Food Qual. Prefer. 2017, 55, 35–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Strydom, W. Barriers to Household Waste Recycling: Empirical Evidence from South Africa. Recycling 2018, 3, 41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, F.; Chen, H.; Yang, J.; Long, R.; Li, W. Impact of Regulatory Focus on Express Packaging Waste Recycling Behavior: Moderating Role of Psychological Empowerment Perception. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 8862–8874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ordoñez, I.; Harder, R.; Nikitas, A.; Rahe, U. Waste Sorting in Apartments: Integrating the Perspective of the User. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 106, 669–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wikström, F.; Williams, H.; Trischler, J.; Rowe, Z. The Importance of Packaging Functions for Food Waste of Different Products in Households. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marc. 95 Percent of Brain Activity Is beyond Our Conscious Awareness|Neurosciences UX. Available online: http://www.simplifyinginterfaces.com/2008/08/01/95-percent-of-brain-activity-is-beyond-our-conscious-awareness/ (accessed on 17 February 2020).
- Kluger, J. Consciousness: It’s Less Than You Think|Time. Available online: https://time.com/3937351/consciousness-unconsciousness-brain/ (accessed on 14 February 2020).
- Bloch, P.H. Seeking the Ideal Form: Product Design and Consumer Response. J. Mark. 1995, 59, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ashby, M.; Johnson, K. The Art of Materials Selection. In Materials Today; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2003; pp. 24–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamil, M.J.M.; Abidin, S.Z. Unconscious Human Behavior at Visceral Level of Emotional Design. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2013, 105, 149–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pettersson, J. Coca-Cola in Sweden Will Be the First to “Order Me again” Labels—Packnews.se Your Packaging Magazine Online—Pack News, Packaging, Packaging, Packaging. Available online: https://www.packnews.se/coca-cola-i-sverige-blir-forst-med-panta-mig-igen-etiketter/ (accessed on 17 February 2020).
- Cox, C. Psychology of Recycling: Driving Consumer Recycling Behavior. Available online: https://sustainablepackaging.org/psychology-recycling-driving-consumer-recycling-behavior/ (accessed on 12 September 2018).
- Zhang, H.; Wen, Z.-G. Residents’ Household Solid Waste (HSW) Source Separation Activity. Sustainability 2014, 6, 6446–6466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rousta, K.; Bolton, K.; Dahlén, L. A Procedure to Transform Recycling Behavior for Source Separation of Household Waste. Recycling 2016, 1, 147–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nemat, B.; Razzaghi, M.; Bolton, K.; Rousta, K. The Role of Food Packaging Design in Consumer Recycling Behavior—A Literature Review. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ajzen, I.; Fishbein, M. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior; Prentice-Hall: Upper suderliver, NJ, USA, 1980. [Google Scholar]
- Ajzen, I. The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 1991, 50, 179–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- S, B.; AB, A. Consumers Attitude and Behavior Towards Domestic Waste Recycling in Developing Countries: A Case Study. Adv. Recycl. Waste Manag. 2017, 2, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wright, Y.L. Relating recycling: Demographics, attitudes, knowledge and recycling behavior among UC Berkeley students. UC Berkeley Stud. Recycl. 2011. Available online: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a518/48437a096ddf0261b81866be1b00ea018b5d.pdf (accessed on 9 March 2020).
- Humphrey, C.R.; Bord, R.J.; Hammond, M.M.; Mann, S.H. Attitudes and Conditions for Cooperation in a Paper Recycling Program. Environ. Behav. 1977, 9, 107–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, D.Y.; Lin, Z.Y.; Gordon, M.P.R.; Robinson, N.K.L.; Harder, M.K. Perceived Key Elements of a Successful Residential Food Waste Sorting Program in Urban Apartments: Stakeholder Views. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 134, 362–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Srun, P.; Kurisu, K. Internal and External Influential Factors on Waste Disposal Behavior in Public Open Spaces in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Barr, S. Household Waste in Social Perspective: Values, Attitudes, Situation, and Behaviour; Routledge: London, UK, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Lindh, H.; Olsson, A.; Williams, H. Consumer Perceptions of Food Packaging: Contributing to or Counteracting Environmentally Sustainable Development? Packag. Technol. Sci. 2015, 29, 3–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lewis, K.V.H.; Fitzpatrick, L.; Verghese, K.; Lewis, H.; Fitzpatrick, L. Packaging for Sustainability; Verghese, K., Verghese, K., Lewis, H., Fitzpatrick, L., Eds.; Springer: London, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silayoi, P.; Speece, M. The Importance of Packaging Attributes: A Conjoint Analysis Approach. Eur. J. Mark. 2007, 41, 1495–1517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Krishna, A.; Cian, L.; Aydınoğlu, N.Z. Sensory Aspects of Package Design. J. Retail. 2017, 93, 43–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Magnier, L.; Schoormans, J. Consumer Reactions to Sustainable Packaging: The Interplay of Visual Appearance, Verbal Claim and Environmental Concern. J. Environ. Psychol. 2015, 44, 53–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Townsend, J.D.; Kang, W.; Montoya, M.M.; Calantone, R.J. Brand-Specific Design Effects: Form and Function. J. Prod. Innov. Manag. 2013, 30, 994–1008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trudel, R.; Argo, J.J. The Effect of Product Size and Form Distortion on Consumer Recycling Behavior. J. Consum. Res. 2013, 40, 632–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trudel, R.; Argo, J.J.; Meng, M.D. Trash or Recycle? How Product Distortion Leads to Categorization Error During Disposal. Environ. Behav. 2016, 48, 966–985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mutsikiwa, M.; Marumbwa, J. The Impact of Aesthetics Package Design Elements on Consumer Purchase Decisions: A Case of Locally Produced Dairy Products in Southern Zimbabwe. IOSR J. Bus. Manag. 2013, 8, 64–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spence, C. Multisensory Packaging Design: Color, Shape, Texture, Sound, and Smell. In Integrating the Packaging and Product Experience in Food and Beverages: A Road-Map to Consumer Satisfaction; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Proto.io. How Form and Function Play into the Rise of Good Design. Available online: https://medium.theuxblog.com/how-form-and-function-play-into-the-rise-of-good-design-88503c206f97 (accessed on 24 December 2018).
- Johansson, K. Understanding Recycling Behavior: A Study of Motivational Factors behind Waste Recycling. In WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment; WIT Press: Ashurst, UK, 2016; Volume 202, pp. 401–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kollmuss, A.; Agyeman, J. Mind the Gap: Why Do People Act Environmentally and What Are the Barriers to pro-Environmental Behavior? Environ. Educ. Res. 2002, 8, 239–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- IDEO Design Kit. Available online: https://www.designkit.org/human-centered-design (accessed on 23 January 2020).
- Dalberg. What is Human-Centered Design?|Dalberg. Available online: https://www.dalberg.com/what-human-centered-design (accessed on 23 January 2020).
- Ulrich, K. Product Design and Development, 5th ed.; McGraw-Hill/Irwin: New York, NY, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- VanderStoep, S.W.; Johnston, D.D. Research Methods for Everyday Life: Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches; Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Qu, S.; Dumay, J. The Qualitative Research Interview. Qual. Res. Account. Manag. 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- LRF Lantbrukarnas Riksförbund. Available online: https://www.lrf.se/ (accessed on 6 January 2019).
- Blunt Leah. Recycling Mystery: Milk and Juice Cartons|Earth911.com. Available online: https://earth911.com/home-garden/recycling-mystery-milk-and-juice-cartons/ (accessed on 19 December 2018).
- Pira. The Future of Packaging Industry: Paper and Board|Smithers Pira. Available online: https://www.smitherspira.com/resources/2018/february/the-future-of-packaging-trends (accessed on 1 August 2019).
- Stenarecycling. Återvinning och avfallshantering i Karlskrona|Stena Recycling. Available online: https://www.stenarecycling.se/hitta-till-oss/karlskrona/karlskrona/ (accessed on 15 February 2020).
- TRT Swedish Recycling so Successful It Is Importing Rubbish. Available online: https://www.trtworld.com/europe/swedish-recycling-so-successful-it-is-importing-rubbish-24491 (accessed on 13 October 2019).
- Avffarsverken. The Right Waste in the Right Bin; Avffarsverken: Stockholm, Sweden, 2016; Available online: https://www. Affarsverken.se/sortera (accessed on 9 March 2020).
- Fråne, A.; Stenmarck, Å.; Gíslason, S.; Løkke, S. Guidelines to Increased Collection of Plastic Packaging Waste from Households THE NORDIC REGION-Leading in Green Growth; Nordisk Ministerråd: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- FSC. FSC Certification. Available online: https://us.fsc.org/en-us/certification (accessed on 14 January 2020).
- Arla. Arla Highlights New Farmers’ Farmers with New Marking|Arla. Available online: https://www.arla.se/om-arla/nyheter-press/2015/pressrelease/arla-lyfter-fram-aegarboenderna-med-ny-maerkning-1202663/ (accessed on 14 January 2020).
- The Krav Association. The Krav Association Packaging Guide; Krav Organization: Uppsala, Sweden, 2017; Version 2; Available online: https://www. Krav.se (accessed on 9 March 2020).
- Carrillo, E.; Fiszman, S.; Lähteenmäki, L.; Varela, P. Consumers’ Perception of Symbols and Health Claims as Health-Related Label Messages. A Cross-Cultural Study. Food Res. Int. 2014, 62, 653–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tetrapak. Caps from Sugar Cane—Tetra Pak—Innovation Creates Value. Available online: https://innovationcreatesvalue.tetrapak.com/story/a-sweet-deal-on-caps/ (accessed on 30 August 2019).
- BullDog. Weird Questions We Get Asked about Sugar Cane|Bulldog Skincare. Available online: https://www.bulldogskincare.com/blog/weird-questions-we-get-asked-about-sugar-cane/ (accessed on 23 November 2019).
- Winterich, K.P.; Nenkov, G.Y.; Gonzales, G.E. Knowing What It Makes: How Product Transformation Salience Increases Recycling. J. Mark. 2019, 83, 21–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kurz, T.; Gardner, B.; Verplanken, B.; Abraham, C. Habitual Behaviors or Patterns of Practice? Explaining and Changing Repetitive Climate-Relevant Actions. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang. 2015, 6, 113–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Becker, L.; van Rompay, T.J.L.; Schifferstein, H.N.J.; Galetzka, M. Tough Package, Strong Taste: The Influence of Packaging Design on Taste Impressions and Product Evaluations. Food Qual. Prefer. 2011, 22, 17–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suleman, A. Science of Typography in Packaging Designs|Think Design. Available online: https://blog.logodesignguru.com/science-of-typography-in-packaging/ (accessed on 22 February 2020).
- Benoni, H. Top-down Prioritization of Salient Items May Produce the so-Called Stimulus-Driven Capture. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Evergreen, S. For the Love of Font Size. Available online: https://stephanieevergreen.com/for-the-love-of-font-size/ (accessed on 26 December 2018).
- BOXUP Font Basics. Available online: https://www.boxup.com/blog/post/font-basics (accessed on 22 February 2020).
- Walker, T. The Effect of Typography on User Experience & Conversions. Available online: https://cxl.com/blog/the-effects-of-typography-on-user-experience-conversions/ (accessed on 22 February 2020).
- Montazeri, S.; Gonzalez, R.D.; Yoon, C.; Papalambros, P.Y. Color, Cognition, and Recycling: How The Design of Everyday Objects Prompt Behavior Change. In Proceedings of the International Design Conference—Design 2012, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 21–24 May 2012; pp. 1363–1368. Available online: https://www.designsociety.org/publication/32105/COLOR%2C+COGNITION%2C+AND+RECYCLING%3A+HOW+THE+DESIGN+OF+EVERYDAY+OBJECTS+PROMPT+BEHAVIOR+CHANGE (accessed on 9 March 2020).
- Wang, E.S. T The Influence of Visual Packaging Design on Perceived Food Product Quality, Value, and Brand Preference. Int. J. Retail Distrib. Manag. 2013, 41, 805–816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chitturi, R.; Carlos Londono, J.; Alberto Amezquita, C. The Influence of Color and Shape of Package Design on Co nsumer Preference: The Case of Orange Juice. Int. J. Innov. Econ. Dev. 2019, 5, 42–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verplanken, B.; Aarts, H. Habit, Attitude, and Planned Behaviour: Is Habit an Empty Construct or an Interesting Case of Goal-Directed Automaticity? Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 1999, 10, 101–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wood, W.; Neal, D.T. A New Look at Habits and the Habit-Goal Interface. Psychol. Rev. 2007, 114, 843–863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arla. Sustainable Packaging|Arla. Available online: https://www.arla.com/sustainability/sustainable-packaging/ (accessed on 20 February 2020).
- European Union. Directive 2008/98/EC on Waste (Waste Framework Directive) European Commission. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/ (accessed on 16 September 2019).
- Krav. KRAV|KRAV. Available online: http://www.krav.se/in-english/krav-standards/ (accessed on 20 February 2020).
The Food Packaging Attribute | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factors | Label/Symbol/Logo | Form/Shape | Material | Color | Size |
Attitude | X | X | X | ||
Uncertainty and Recycling knowledge | X | X | |||
Packaging function | X | X | X | ||
Perceived quality | X | X | X | X | |
Perceived convenience | X | X | X | X |
Available Packages in the Market | Representative Image | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type A—1000 cc Yogurt without cap | | | | |
Type B—1000 cc Yogurt with side cap | | | | |
Type C—1000 cc Yogurt with top cap | | | | |
Type D—1500 cc Yogurt with side cap | | | ||
Type E– 500 cc Cream with top cap | | | | |
Type F—300 cc Cream with side cap | | | |
Questions | Attitude to Recycling | Packaging Functions | Uncertainty & Recycling Knowledge | Perceived Quality/Value | Perceived Convenience |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1. How do you rate yourself in recycling/sorting? | X | ||||
Q2. How did you gain your recycling knowledge? How did you learn to do recycling? | X | X | X | ||
Q3. How do you recycle dairy (yogurt and cream) packaging waste at home? | X | X | |||
Q4. Did you read and / or notice the ingredients on the dairy packages? Why/Why not? | X | X | |||
Q5. Did you notice to the labels/symbols on packaging? Do you know the meaning of them? | X | X | X | X | |
Q6. Did you notice the images on packages? | X | X | X | ||
Q7. Which color combination of these packages may decrease the risk that they are sorted with mixed waste? Why? | X | ||||
Q8. Which types of these packages did you find more valuable/higher quality? Why? | X | X | X | X | |
Q9. Which size of these packages is suitable for recycling? Why? | X | X | X | ||
Q10. Which type of these packages did you find more suitable/easy for recycling? Why? | X | X | X | X |
Always | Sometimes | Never | Main Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Removing the cap or cutting the head | 30 | 6 | 1 | Preparing for emptying |
Emptying the packaging | 30 | 6 | 1 | Preparing for cleaning |
Cleaning the packaging | 22 | 9 | 6 | Preventing food odors |
Folding/compacting | 32 | 4 | 1 | Saving space |
Re-closing the cap | 28 | 7 | 2 | Preventing food odors and leaking |
Separating the cap | 27 | 5 | 5 | Environmental concern |
Sorting the cap as plastic and the body as a paperboard packaging | 27 | 5 | 5 | Environmental concern |
Elements | Participants’ Statements | Issues | Participants Perception |
---|---|---|---|
Logo-1 | I never noticed the logo (37 answers). | Not clear | Inconvenient |
Logo-2 | I did not see the logo (35 answers). I saw the logo and it is related to environment issues (2 answers). | Not clear | Inconvenient Uncertain |
Logo-3 | I never saw the logo (36 answers). I saw the logo and it says that the content is natural milk (1 answer). | Not clear - Confusing | Inconvenient Uncertain |
Symbol-1 | I did not see the symbol, it’s too small and not visible (36 answers). I saw the symbol but I don’t know what it implies (1 answer). | Not clear | Inconvenient |
Symbol-2 | I never saw the symbol (37 answers). | Not clear | Inconvenient |
Text-1 | I never look for the ingredients since the text is too small and not readable (5 answers). I look for the ingredients sometimes, if I have time (10 answers). Usually I know what the package contains and I don’t notice the ingredients unless I want to buy a new product (5 answers). I always check the ingredients on packages when shopping and it’s really important to me (15 answers). I read it but it would be better if the text is designed to be in the same place on all packaging—then you wouldn’t have to search for it on each package (2 answers). | Not clear | Inconvenient |
Text-2 | I did not know the information even existed (8 answers). I saw the text but it’s too small and not readable (17 answers). I read it but it was confusing; even if the cap is separated from the package there is still a plastic part inside the package that the text doesn’t explain how to take care of (8 answers). | Not clear – Confusing | Inconvenient Uncertain |
Image-1 | I did not see the image (30 answers). I saw the image but it is not related to recycling of the package (1 answer). I didn’t notice the image, because I thought it might be a cooking recipe (2 answers). I saw the image, but the images are too small and not visible (4 answers). | Not clear – Confusing | Inconvenient Uncertain |
Product | Participants’ Experiences | Participants’ Perceptions |
---|---|---|
Type A Yogurt 1000 g |
| Convenient for separating and sorting |
Type B Yogurt 1000 g |
| Somewhat inconvenient for separating and sorting High value Uncertain how to separate and sort |
Type C Yogurt 1000 g |
| Somewhat inconvenient for separating and sorting High value Uncertain how to separate and sort |
Type D Yogurt 1500 g |
| Inconvenient for separating and sorting High value Uncertain how to separate and sort |
Type E Cream 500 g | Its small size and big cap make it really easy to empty and clean. I don’t fold it since it is too small and its curved edge and big plastic head makes it difficult to fold. If I have time I’ll cut the plastic part, otherwise I leave it un-touched in the package waste. It’s really confusing; they wrote to separate the plastic cap but they didn’t mention why a small package like this has a big plastic part at the head. Also, how should it be separated from the body? I don’t like this package; it’s small, but it has a big plastic part that it’s not good for the environment. | Somewhat inconvenient for separating and sorting Uncertain how to separate and sort |
Type F Cream 300 g | Actually, it’s so small that sometimes I didn’t wash it, and then I needed to keep the cap on to prevent spreading of a bad smell. Its small size doesn’t make it worth to fold it! A small amount of water is enough to clean it. Sometimes I sort it in packaging bins without removing the cap because I can’t remove the whole plastic part. I don’t fold it because this is not easy for a package of this size, but its cubic form reminds me not to sort it as mixed waste. | Somewhat inconvenient for separating and sorting Uncertain how to separate and sort |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nemat, B.; Razzaghi, M.; Bolton, K.; Rousta, K. The Potential of Food Packaging Attributes to Influence Consumers’ Decisions to Sort Waste. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062234
Nemat B, Razzaghi M, Bolton K, Rousta K. The Potential of Food Packaging Attributes to Influence Consumers’ Decisions to Sort Waste. Sustainability. 2020; 12(6):2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062234
Chicago/Turabian StyleNemat, Babak, Mohammad Razzaghi, Kim Bolton, and Kamran Rousta. 2020. "The Potential of Food Packaging Attributes to Influence Consumers’ Decisions to Sort Waste" Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062234