Short-Term Effects of Different Straw Returning Methods on the Soil Physicochemical Properties and Quality Index in Dryland Farming in NE China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Soil Sampling and Lab Procedures
2.4. FTIR Measurements
2.5. Calculations
2.5.1. Mean Weight diameter and Geometric Mean Diameter
2.5.2. Soil Quality Index
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Bulk Density and Penetration Resistance
3.2. TOC and Humic C
3.3. Soil Aggregate Stability
3.4. Soil Aggregate-Associated Organic C
3.5. FTIR Spectra of Soil Samples
3.6. Soil Quality Index
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Straw Returning on Soil Structural Parameters
4.2. Effects of Straw Returning on TOC and Humic C
4.3. Effects of Straw Returning on Soil Aggregate Associated Organic C
4.4. Effects of Straw Returning on SOC Structural Characteristics
4.5. Effects of Soil Quality Index
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | BD (g cm−3) | PR (MPa) |
---|---|---|
CK | 1.41 ± 0.04a | 0.73 ± 0.06a |
EIS | 1.02 ± 0.04c | 0.51 ± 0.09b |
SM | 1.38 ± 0.06a | 0.59 ± 0.05ab |
SP | 1.33 ± 0.05a | 0.65 ± 0.09ab |
SG | 1.23 ± 0.02b | 0.63 ± 0.09ab |
Treatment | TOC | HEC | HAC | FAC | HAC/FAC | Δ Log K (HA) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 14.98 ± 0.06d | 5.88 ± 0.22d | 3.37 ± 0.26d | 2.51 ± 0.31b | 1.34 | 0.48 |
EIS | 20.58 ± 0.58a | 8.48 ± 0.09a | 5.93 ± 0.12a | 2.55 ± 0.13a | 2.39 | 0.59 |
SM | 17.97 ± 0.12c | 7.45 ± 0.05c | 5.23 ± 0.26bc | 2.22 ± 0.19b | 2.35 | 0.53 |
SP | 17.98 ± 0.06c | 7.92 ± 0.16b | 4.90 ± 0.27c | 3.02 ± 0.32a | 1.62 | 0.50 |
SG | 19.84 ± 0.13b | 7.81 ± 0.14b | 5.48 ± 0.10b | 2.33 ± 0.09b | 2.35 | 0.43 |
Treatment | MWD (mm) | GMD (mm) |
---|---|---|
CK | 0.78 ± 0.02b | 0.42 ± 0.07b |
EIS | 0.95 ± 0.03a | 0.59 ± 0.05a |
SM | 0.91 ± 0.06a | 0.55 ± 0.01a |
SP | 0.82 ± 0.03b | 0.40 ± 0.04b |
SG | 0.89 ± 0.01a | 0.53 ± 0.08a |
Treatment | Relative Intensity (%) | Hydrophobicity Index | |
---|---|---|---|
C-H | C = O | C-H/C = O | |
CK | 0.828 | 7.294 | 0.114 |
EIS | 2.106 | 4.326 | 0.487 |
SM | 1.549 | 5.520 | 0.281 |
SP | 1.283 | 7.299 | 0.176 |
SG | 1.401 | 5.028 | 0.279 |
SG | 0.407 | 7.653 | 0.053 |
Principal components | PC1 | PC2 |
---|---|---|
Eigenvalue | 13.07 | 2.41 |
Percent | 81.69% | 15.06% |
Eigenvectors | Loading values | |
Soil bulk density (BD) | –0.229 | –0.221 |
Penetration resistance (PR) | –0.276 | 0.022 |
Mega-aggregate content (ME) | 0.274 | –0.071 |
Macroaggregate content (MA) | 0.246 | –0.291 |
Microaggregate content (MI) | –0.238 | –0.267 |
Silt and clay content (SC) | –0.236 | 0.321 |
Mega-aggregate associated organic carbon (MEC) | 0.262 | 0.011 |
Macroaggregate associated organic carbon (MAC) | 0.213 | –0.396 |
Microaggregate associated organic carbon (MIC) | 0.275 | –0.054 |
Silt and clay associated organic carbon (SCC) | 0.268 | 0.142 |
Soil organic carbon (SOC) | 0.269 | 0.145 |
Humic fraction carbon (HEC) | 0.258 | 0.226 |
Humic acid carbon (HAC) | 0.274 | 0.081 |
Fulvic acid carbon (FAC) | 0.060 | 0.627 |
Relative intensity of C-H bonds (C-H) | 0.275 | 0.018 |
Relative intensity of C = O bonds (C = O) | –0.254 | 0.179 |
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Fan, W.; Wu, J.; Ahmed, S.; Hu, J.; Chen, X.; Li, X.; Zhu, W.; Opoku-Kwanowaa, Y. Short-Term Effects of Different Straw Returning Methods on the Soil Physicochemical Properties and Quality Index in Dryland Farming in NE China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072631
Fan W, Wu J, Ahmed S, Hu J, Chen X, Li X, Zhu W, Opoku-Kwanowaa Y. Short-Term Effects of Different Straw Returning Methods on the Soil Physicochemical Properties and Quality Index in Dryland Farming in NE China. Sustainability. 2020; 12(7):2631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072631
Chicago/Turabian StyleFan, Wei, Jinggui Wu, Sharaf Ahmed, Juan Hu, Xiaodong Chen, Xiaohang Li, Wenyue Zhu, and Yaa Opoku-Kwanowaa. 2020. "Short-Term Effects of Different Straw Returning Methods on the Soil Physicochemical Properties and Quality Index in Dryland Farming in NE China" Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072631