Impacts of Different Air Pollutants on Dining-Out Activities and Satisfaction of Urban and Suburban Residents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Dining-Out Data
2.2.2. Air Pollution and Weather Data
2.3. Hypotheses and Models
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Air Quality in Urban and Suburban Areas of Beijing
3.2. Impact of Air Pollution on Dining-Out Frequency
3.3. Impact of Air Pollution on Dining-Out Satisfaction
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicator | Xicheng District | Huairou District |
---|---|---|
Resident population | 1,259,000 | 393,000 |
Population density (People/km2) | 24,832 | 185 |
Proportion of tertiary industry | 91.2% | 45.8% |
Annual per capita disposable income (CNY) | 71,863 | 36,013 |
Annual per capita consumption expenditure (CNY) | 45,329 | 23,633 |
The proportion of college graduates and above | 41% | 15% |
AQI Values | Pollution Level | Concentration Limits of Pollutants | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24-h Average | 8-h Average | |||||
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | PM10 (μg/m3) | NO2 (μg/m3) | SO2 (μg/m3) | O3 (μg/m3) | ||
50 | Excellent | 35 | 50 | 40 | 50 | 100 |
100 | Good | 75 | 150 | 80 | 150 | 160 |
150 | Light level pollution | 115 | 250 | 180 | 475 | 215 |
200 | Middle level pollution | 150 | 350 | 280 | 800 | 265 |
300 | Heavy level pollution | 250 | 420 | 565 | 1600 | 800 |
400 | Severe level pollution | 350 | 500 | 750 | 2100 | / |
500 | 500 | 600 | 940 | 2620 | / |
Variables | Description | Urban | Suburban | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | ||
REVIEWS | Daily total number of sample restaurants’ reviews | 102 | 32 | 55 | 27 |
RATING | Daily average scores of sample restaurants | 4.4 | 0.1 | 4.4 | 0.5 |
EXPDT | Daily per capita consumption of sample restaurants (CNY) | 113 | 7 | 88 | 16 |
PM2.5 | Daily concentration of PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 77.6 | 68.5 | 62.3 | 58.5 |
PM10 | Daily concentration of PM10 (μg/m3) | 113.8 | 80.2 | 95.0 | 71.6 |
NO2 | Daily concentration of NO2 (μg/m3) | 53.7 | 27.2 | 28.0 | 20.1 |
SO2 | Daily concentration of SO2 (μg/m3) | 11.4 | 11.9 | 6.6 | 6.5 |
O3 | 8-hour concentration of O3 (μg/m3) | 90.3 | 65.5 | 84.9 | 63.9 |
Variables | Dependent Variable: lnREVIEWS(U) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
lnPM2.5(U) | −0.0593 *** (0.0227) | - | - | - | - |
lnPM10(U) | - | −0.0631 *** (0.0208) | - | - | - |
lnNO2(U) | - | - | −0.0582 ** (0.0306) | - | - |
lnO3(U) | - | - | - | −0.0135 (0.0145) | - |
SO2(U) | - | - | - | - | −0.0015 (0.0011) |
HOLIDAY | 0.2934 *** (0.0182) | 0.2940 *** (0.0182) | 0.2904 *** (0.0183) | 0.2925 *** (0.0183) | 0.2931 *** (0.0184) |
Weather variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time trend | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Monthly fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | 5.0404 *** (0.1430) | 5.0826 *** (0.1419) | 5.0628 *** (0.1707) | 4.6417 *** (0.0840) | 4.7749 *** (0.0797) |
Sample size | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 |
F | 98.007 *** | 98.753 *** | 97.360 *** | 95.884 *** | 96.186 *** |
Adjusted R2 | 0.705 | 0.707 | 0.704 | 0.703 | 0.701 |
Variables | Dependent Variable: lnREVIEWS(S) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
lnPM2.5(S) | −0.0095 (0.0337) | - | - | - | - |
lnPM10(S) | - | −0.0008 (0.0335) | - | - | - |
lnNO2(S) | - | - | −0.0332 (0.0391) | - | - |
lnO3(S) | - | - | - | −0.0323 (0.0249) | - |
SO2(S) | - | - | - | - | −0.0040 (0.0033) |
HOLIDAY | 0.5140 *** (0.0330) | 0.5135 *** (0.0331) | 0.5143 *** (0.0330) | 0.5168 *** (0.0330) | 0.5149 *** (0.0329) |
Weather variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time trend | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Monthly fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | 2.9068 *** (0.2071) | 2.8508 *** (0.2211) | 2.6992 *** (0.2092) | 2.7108 *** (0.0991) | 2.9552 *** (0.1283) |
Sample size | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 |
F | 95.928 *** | 95.898 *** | 96.172 *** | 96.538 *** | 96.463 *** |
Adjusted R2 | 0.701 | 0.701 | 0.701 | 0.702 | 0.702 |
Variables | Dependent Variable: lnRATING(U) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
lnPM2.5(U) | −0.0028 (0.0033) | - | - | - | - |
lnPM10(U) | - | −0.0023 (0.0030) | - | - | - |
lnNO2(U) | - | - | −0.0050 (0.0044) | - | - |
lnO3(U) | - | - | - | −0.0026 (0.0020) | - |
SO2(U) | - | - | - | - | −0.0001 (0.0002) |
lnEXPDT(U) | −0.0210 * (0.0214) | −0.0212 * (0.0214) | −0.0221 * (0.0212) | −0.0226 (0.0212) | −0.0227 * (0.0212) |
HOLIDAY | −0.0022 (0.0026) | −0.0020 (0.0026) | −0.0024 (0.0026) | −0.0022 (0.0026) | −0.0022 (0.0026) |
Weather variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time trend | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Monthly fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | 1.5952 (0.1000) | 1.5947 (0.1000) | 1.6095 (0.1011) | 1.5984 (0.0999) | 1.5906 (0.0999) |
Sample size | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 |
F | 1.287 ** | 1.273 ** | 1.349 ** | 1.384 ** | 1.228 ** |
Adjusted R2 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.006 |
Variables | Dependent Variable: lnRATING(S) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
lnPM2.5(S) | 0.0047 (0.0060) | - | - | - | - |
lnPM10(S) | - | 0.0054 (0.0060) | - | - | - |
lnNO2(S) | - | - | −0.0022 (0.0070) | - | - |
lnO3(S) | - | - | - | −0.0086 ** (0.0045) | - |
SO2(S) | - | - | - | - | −0.0004 (0.0006) |
lnEXPDT(S) | −0.0261 (0.0330) | −0.0265 (0.0330) | −0.0263 (0.0330) | −0.0240 (0.0329) | −0.0259 (0.0330) |
HOLIDAY | −0.0236 *** (0.0059) | −0.0237 *** (0.0060) | −0.0234 *** (0.0059) | −0.0242 *** (0.0059) | −0.0232 *** (0.0059) |
Weather variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Time trend | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Monthly fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Constant | 1.5856 *** (0.1501) | 1.5810 *** (0.1502) | 1.6220 *** (0.1488) | 1.6403 *** (0.1459) | 1.6182 *** (0.1462) |
Sample size | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 | 366 |
F | 2.564 *** | 2.585 *** | 2.510 *** | 2.900 *** | 2.533 *** |
Adjusted R2 | 0.041 | 0.042 | 0.040 | 0.049 | 0.040 |
PM2.5 | PM10 | NO2 | O3 | SO2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban areas | Frequency | (-) *** | (-) *** | (-) ** | / | / |
Satisfaction | / | / | / | / | / | |
Suburban areas | Frequency | / | / | / | / | / |
Satisfaction | / | / | / | (-) ** | / |
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Gao, R.; Ma, H.; Ma, H.; Li, J. Impacts of Different Air Pollutants on Dining-Out Activities and Satisfaction of Urban and Suburban Residents. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072746
Gao R, Ma H, Ma H, Li J. Impacts of Different Air Pollutants on Dining-Out Activities and Satisfaction of Urban and Suburban Residents. Sustainability. 2020; 12(7):2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072746
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Rong, Hua Ma, Hongmei Ma, and Jiahui Li. 2020. "Impacts of Different Air Pollutants on Dining-Out Activities and Satisfaction of Urban and Suburban Residents" Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072746