Do Immigrant Entrepreneurs Have Natural Cognitive Advantages for International Entrepreneurial Activity?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Roles of Proactive Behavior and Attitude towards IE for the Formation of IEI
3. Theoretical Background and Hypothesis Development
3.1. NFC
3.2. NFC and the Formation of Immigrant Entrepreneurs’ IEI
4. Methodology
4.1. Data
4.2. Measures
4.3. Analysis
4.4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Implications
7. Limitations and Future Research
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
International entrepreneurial intention (5 items, α = 0.77) | Adapted from Felício et al. [30] |
Scale: Totally disagree (=1)/Totally agree (=7) | |
How well do the following statements on behavior describe you? | |
1. I think that internationalization is the only way to achieve the growth objectives. | |
2. I am willing to lead the enterprise into the international market. | |
3. I spend considerable amounts of time planning international operations. | |
4. I see the world as a single, vast market. | |
5. I see the world not only as a playground (i.e., a new market to explore) but also as a school (i.e., a source of new ideas and knowledge). | |
Proactive behavior (4 items, α = 0.61) | Gupta and Govindarajan [54] |
Scale: Totally disagree (=1)/Totally agree (=7) | |
How well do the following statements on proactiveness describe you? | |
1. If I see something, I don’t like I fix it. | |
2. No matter what the odds, if I believe in something, I will make it happen. | |
3. I love being a champion for my ideas even against others’ opposition. | |
4. I am always looking for better ways to do things. | |
Attitude towards IE (6 items, α = 0.90) | Adapted from Kautonen et al. [14] |
Scale: Strongly disagree (=1)/Strongly agree (=7) | |
Please rate the following statement based on the word pairs provided: “For me, taking steps to start an internationally operating business would be …” | |
1.… unpleasant/attractive | |
2.… useless/useful | |
3.… foolish/wise | |
4.… negative/positive | |
5.… insignificant/important | |
6.… tiresome/inspiring | |
Immigrant entrepreneurship | |
Scale: Yes (=1)/No (=0) | |
Dummy variable created by the use of the following open questions: | |
In which country are you currently based? | |
What is your country of nationality? | |
Demographics | |
What is your age in years? | |
Which gender do you identify with? |
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No. | Variables | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | International entrepreneurial intention | 5.15 | 0.99 | 1.000 | |||||
2 | Proactiveness | 5.75 | 0.72 | 0.440 *** | 1.000 | ||||
3 | Attitude towards IE | 5.96 | 1.00 | 0.623 *** | 0.384 ** | 1.000 | |||
4 | Immigrant entrepreneurship | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.305 * | 0.344 ** | 0.325 * | 1.000 | ||
5 | Age | 31.31 | 5.18 | 0.129 | 0.036 | 0.152 | 0.058 | 1.000 | |
6 | Gender (Female = 1) | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.080 | −0.124 | −0.048 | 0.095 | 0.170 | 1.000 |
Total Effect of X on Y | Effect of X on M | Direct Effect of X on Y | Partially Standardized Indirect Effect of X on Y | Standard Error | LL 95% CI | UL 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mediator Proactiveness | |||||||
Immigrant entrepreneurship | 0.5919 * | 0.5207 ** | 0.3105 | ||||
Proactiveness | 0.5406 ** | ||||||
Control | |||||||
Age | 0.0212 | 0.0067 | 0.0176 | ||||
Gender | 0.1043 | −0.3576 | 0.2976 | ||||
Indirect effect | |||||||
Proactiveness | 0.2841 | 0.1332 | 0.0678 | 0.5878 | |||
Mediator Attitude | |||||||
Immigrant entrepreneurship | 0.5919 * | 0.7246 ** | 0.1633 | ||||
Attitude towards IE | 0.5916 *** | ||||||
Control | |||||||
Age | 0.0212 | 0.0282 | 0.0045 | ||||
Gender | 0.1043 | −0.3205 | 0.3696 | ||||
Indirect effect | |||||||
Attitude towards IE | 0.4326 | 0.1825 | 0.1101 | 0.8199 |
Total Effect of X on Y | Effect of X on M1 | Effect of X on M2 | Direct Effect of X on Y | Partially Standardized Indirect Effect(s) of X on Y | Standard Error | LL 95% CI | UL 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parallel mediation effects | ||||||||
Immigrant entrepreneurship | 0.5919 * | 0.5207 ** | 0.7246 ** | 0.0473 | ||||
Proactiveness | 0.3176 * | |||||||
Attitude towards IE | 0.5234 *** | |||||||
Control | ||||||||
Age | 0.0212 | 0.0067 | 0.0254 | 0.0043 | ||||
Gender | 0.1043 | −0.3576 | −0.1681 | 0.3856 | ||||
Indirect effects | ||||||||
Total | 0.5496 | 0.2050 | 0.1791 | 0.9826 | ||||
Mediator Proactive. | 0.1669 | 0.0924 | −0.0221 | 0.3467 | ||||
Mediator Attitude IE | 0.3827 | 0.1718 | 0.0896 | 0.7607 |
Total Effect of X on Y | Effect of X on M1 | Effect of X and M1 on M2 | Direct Effect of X on Y | Partially Standardized Indirect Effect(s) of X on Y | Standard Error | LL 95% CI | UL 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serial mediation effects | ||||||||
Immigrant entrepreneurship | 0.5919 * | 0.5207 ** | 0.5027 | 0.0473 | ||||
Proactiveness | 0.4261 * | 0.3176 * | ||||||
Attitude towards IE | 0.5234 *** | |||||||
Control | ||||||||
Age | 0.0212 | 0.0067 | 0.0252 | 0.0043 | ||||
Gender | 0.1043 | −0.3576 | −0.1681 | 0.3856 | ||||
Indirect effects | ||||||||
Total | 0.5496 | 0.2033 | 0.1791 | 0.9711 | ||||
Mediator Proactiveness | 0.1669 | 0.0913 | −0.0222 | 0.3451 | ||||
Mediator Attitude towards IE | 0.2656 | 0.1680 | −0.0601 | 0.6101 | ||||
Serial Mediation | 0.1172 | 0.1031 | 0.0028 | 0.3984 |
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Middermann, L.H. Do Immigrant Entrepreneurs Have Natural Cognitive Advantages for International Entrepreneurial Activity? Sustainability 2020, 12, 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072791
Middermann LH. Do Immigrant Entrepreneurs Have Natural Cognitive Advantages for International Entrepreneurial Activity? Sustainability. 2020; 12(7):2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072791
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiddermann, Laura Helen. 2020. "Do Immigrant Entrepreneurs Have Natural Cognitive Advantages for International Entrepreneurial Activity?" Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072791